Dual Credit US History Exam 1 Flashcards
John Locke
Known as “The Father of Liberalism”.
He wrote Two Treaties on Government, that influence the founding ideologies of the US.
Was an English philosopher and physician
Christopher Columbus
He we originally from Italy
Sailed for King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella from Spain
Mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.
The Columbian Exchange
Old World (Africa and Eurasia) and New World (Americas) in contact for the first time.
A massive biological exchange between worlds: tomatoes, corn, peppers, and potatoes introduced to Old World; rice and what introduced to New World.
Diseases unfortunately were introduced as well: syphilis introduced to Old World; smallpox and influenza introduced to the New World.
Puritans
Wanted to purify themselves for all things relating to Catholicism, along with the Church of England
Had very harsh punishments for those who sinned
Founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Protestant Reformation
This was originally started from Martin Luther’s 95 Theses that was posted on the door of Wittenberg Chapel in Germany in 1517.
The printing press played a large role in the reformation, as they spread the theses of Martin Luther like wildfire.
They became protestant because they protested against the power of the pope and against the Church.
King Philip’s War
Highest loss of lifer per capita of any way in history
Seen as a final attempt to drive out colonists
Was between a group of indigenous peoples against the colonists
Bacon’s Rebellion
Fought from 1676 to 1677
First popular uprising in the American colonies
Labor in Virginia and neighboring colonies turned to slavery
Navigation Acts
Series of English laws
Designed to restrict England’s trade
Decreased dependence on foreign imported goods
English Civil War
Comprised three wars
The wars were fought between Charles I and Parliament
Fought between 1642 and 1651
Glorious Revolution
Occurred in 1688-1689
James II was exiled, Resulted in William and Mary assuming the throne
Affirmed the supremacy of both protestantism and parliament
The Enlightenment
Also known as the Age of Reason
Philosophical movement in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries
At its core was the belief in the use and celebration of reason
Great Awakening
Religious movement
Mid 1700s
Protestant Christian preachers taught that good behavior and individual faith were more important than book learning and Bible reading
Mercantilism
Started by Adam Smith
This occurred in the 1500s
Based on the idea that a nation’s wealth and power were best served by increasing exports and reducing imports
House of Burgesses
Assembly of elected representatives from Virginia
Met from 1643 to 1776
Granted supplies and originated laws in the colonies, representation of self-government in the New World
George Whitefield
English American minister and preacher
Leader of the great awakening
One of the founders of Methodism and evangelical movement
John Cabot
Born in Venice, Italy
Navigator and explorer
Helped lay the groundwork for the later British claim to Canada
Hernan Cortez
1485-1547
Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico
He conquered Mexico into the Spanish Crown
The Virginia Company
Formed in April 10 1606
Formed to bring profit to shareholders
Also formed to establish an English colony in the New World
Massachusetts Bay Company
One of the original english settlements in massachusetts
Settled in 1630
Founded under John Winthrop and Thomas Dudley
Indentured Servants
An individual is under contract without payment or salary
Popular in the United States in the 1600s
Many individuals worked in exchange for the price of passage to America
- Discuss the reasons many English migrants came to North America in the 17th century. What were the conditions like in Europe? Were people “pushed” out or “pulled” toward North America? What were the economic factors which led to migration? What were the religious reasons for migration?
Conditions in Europe: Economic and Religious Difficulties
The people wanted more freedom
Much unemployment and constriction in europe
Rapid population growth in england led to less jobs and resources there
Abundant land in North America that seemed to be enough to go around
It was a risk, but one that many were willing to take for a chance at the “american dream”
Much more opportunities in America than England
Chance to start fresh, very appealing to those who were struggling in England
Religious persecution and constraint; Catholics, Puritans, etc wanted freedom
I would say more people were pulled toward North America. A lot due to the above stated reasons; religious freedom, economic prosperity, hope for land
Influenced by a number of factors, some push some pull, but overall I would say pull. Religion and economics were the two biggest factors I would say.
Compare and contrast the Chesapeake settlements with that of the New England settlements. Were there any religious similarities? Discuss the economic production of both regions (which commodities are being used to generate each colony’s economy?)
The Chesapeake and New England settlements both had differences in many things, but two of the biggest include religion and economics. Chesapeake religious motivation: mostly Virginia and Maryland were more focused on economic growth than religious freedom, but Maryland became a safe haven for Catholics and many Christians lived in these areas. Religious factors played a large role in the New England settlements, with much emphasis on the Puritans way of life, drawing many of them there. Religion was a central part to this settlement. In fact, it can be said that the settlement itself is built on religion and religious ideologies. Puritans settled largely in this area because it was a safe haven for them, as Maryland was a safe haven for Catholics. Chesapeake economics: Warm climate with a long growing season. Tobacco was the primary source of income and the primary crop. It helped to shape the economy. The demand for tobacco unfortunately did lead to indentured servitude and slavery. New England settlements had a cooler and rockier climate, along with a shorter growing season. However they still managed to provide many important goods, including fish and timber. To conclude, religious factors were important to Chesapeake settlements, but they molded and shaped the New England settlements to be what they were. Chesapeake depended heavily on tobacco, and New England’s was more on small-scale agriculture.
Discuss the British restrictions on government during the 18th century. Was this a successful policy? How did colonists react to these regulations?
Several factors play into the British restrictions on government during the 18th century. This includes the Navigation Acts - designed to ensure that trade benefited Britain; certain things could only be traded in British ships, and not associated with anyone or anything from other countries. It restricted trade with other places. While their success is subjective, I believe that they were not really a successful policy, because it was limiting the British to things that they may have needed. There were likely increased costs of things due to lack of availability and limited trading opportunities. Some resistance occurred from those in the colonies, due to the resentment of the lack of goods and the lack of willingness to trade with surrounding nations. There was some short-term success through these acts which benefited British economic interests, but the long-term consequences outweighed the success of the short-term, causing the policy to overall be ineffective. Glorious Revolution also is important concerning the government restrictions in this century. James II was exiled and William and Mary assumed the throne. One of the key outcomes of this was the power parliament gained. By the time the late 18th century came to be, the principles from the glorious revolution were deeply rooted in the political aspects of the British.
The Age of Exploration resulted in different cultures interacting with each other. Describe the effects of the European exploration of the Americas (religious, cultural, social, economic, and political).
Religion; Explorers wanted to spread Christianity, Missionaries were crucial in converting indigenous peoples, Elements of both Christian and indigenous practices/beliefs blended together
Cultural
Exchange of ideas, food, languages, and technologies
This exchange → Columbian Exchange
Introduced new crops, animals, and cultural practices
Europeans brought devastating diseases to the Americas
Indigenous peoples had no immunity
Decreased their population significantly
Europeans brought crops ex) barley, rye, wheat, sugar, bananas, yams, citrus fruit, coffee, rice, and sugarcane
Displacement and/or relocation of indigenous peoples
Caused disruptions in established social structures
Interactions between Europeans, indigenous peoples, + African slaves → complex caste system
Economies
Europeans exploited natural resources in the Americas
They exploited agriculture production
Cultivation of sugar, tobacco, and cotton
New plants → new economies
Contributed to creation of huge slave societies
Grew bananas, sugar, and citrus fruit
Atlantic Slave Trade
Transportation of African slaves to work on plantations
Africans were brought to America to grow cotton, tobacco, rice, and other crops
Politics
Europe (mainly Spain and Portugal) established vast colonial empires
Split up American land between Spain and Portugal
