World History Exam 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Thomas Paine
A
- Thomas Paine was an English-American writer and political pamphleteer.
- His “Common Sense” pamphlet and Crisis papers were important influences on the American Revolution.
- He was known as one of America’s founding fathers.
2
Q
John Adams
A
- John Adams married Abigail Smith, with whom he had six children.
- Adams attended the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia as a Massachusetts delegate.
- He was one of the names signed on the Declaration of Independence, and became the second president of the United States of America.
3
Q
Thomas Jefferson
A
- Thomas Jefferson is credited with writing the Declaration of Independence.
- He was an American founding father and the third president of the USA. - - He also served in the Virginia legislature and the Continental Congress and was governor of Virginia.
4
Q
George III
A
- George III was married to Charlotte, with whom he had fifteen children. - - He was a controversial British monarch known for his long reign and struggle with mental illness.
- He was the third Hanoverian monarch, and the first one to be born in England and to use English as his first language.
5
Q
Lord North
A
- He grew up in a wealthy aristocratic family.
- He was the prime minister of Great Britain during the Revolutionary War. - His failure to suppress the American colonies gave him a reputation for incompetence that is still debated among historians today.
6
Q
Maximilian Robespierre
A
- He was elected to the Estates-General in 1789, and was a French lawyer who became one of the primary leaders of the French Revolution.
- He led the Committee of Public Safety.
- He played an important role in the abolition of slavery.
7
Q
King Louis XVI
A
- Upon coming to the throne in 1774, King Louis inherited a kingdom beset with serious problems.
- The outbreak of the French Revolution occurred during his reign.
- His ruling over France also contained the end of the Versailles’ royal era.
8
Q
Marie Antoinette
A
- Originally she was an Austrian princess.
- She married King Louis XVI at the age of 14 and became queen of France.
- She is famous for being overthrown by revolutionaries and publicly guillotined following the abolition of monarchy in France.
9
Q
Lord Cornwallis
A
- Lord Charles Cornwallis participated in the first British expedition against Charleston and fought in the New York and Philadelphia campaigns.
- He surrendered at the Siege of Yorktown in 1781.
- His postwar career demonstrated the resilience and power of the British Empire.
10
Q
National Assembly
A
- This was any of various historical French parliaments or houses of parliament.
- From June 17 to July 9, 1789, National Assembly was the name of the revolutionary Assembly formed by representatives of the Third Estate, during the French Revolution.
- The name has also often been used when referring to any constituent assembly.
11
Q
Reign of Terror
A
- This was a period of the French Revolution from September 5, 1793, to July 27, 1794.
- The Revolutionary government decided to make “Terror” around the world as a response to civil war spreading everywhere.
- They took harsh measures of all those who were suspected of being enemies of the Revolution during this time.
12
Q
Thermidorian Reaction
A
- This is the parliamentary revolt which was initiated on July 27, 1794.
- This resulted in the fall of Maximilien Robespierre.
- It also resulted in the collapse of revolutionary fervor and the Reign of Terror.
13
Q
Napoleon Bonaparte
A
- He was one of the most successful generals of the French Revolution armies.
- He was the first emperor of France, and held this title from 1804 - 1814, and again in 1815.
- Eventually he was exiled 5000 miles away from Europe, on the island of St. Helena, where he lived until his death on May 5, 1821.
14
Q
Adam Smith
A
- Scottish economist and philosopher, often known as the “Father of Economics / Capitalism”
- Wrote during early stages of Industrial Revolution (the physical outgrowth of the Scientific Revolution)
- The Wealth of Nations (1776) → pointed out weaknesses of mercantilism systems, advocated for cleared divisions of labor and for a free market economy, and suggests that market forces with lead to more efficient and effective production – benefiting both state and consumer
15
Q
Karl Marx
A
- His theories led to the development of Marxism, and his ideas also served as the basis for communism
- Two of his works, The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital, are well remembered as his most famous.
- Born in Germany in 1818, and died in London England in 1883
16
Q
Tsar Alexander II
A
- Emperor of Russia from 1855-1881
- He was inspired toward a domestic reforms, the most important being the emancipation of the serfs.
- A period of repression after 1866 led to a resurgence of revolutionary terrorism and to Alexander’s own assassination.
17
Q
The Crimean War
A
- The war was officially started due to a dispute between Czar Nicholas I and the Ottoman Emperor Abdulmejid I, over which empire would have authority over Orthodox Christians living in Ottoman territory
- The war began on October 5, 1853, and lasted until March 30, 1856
- The war helped convince Russia to sell Alaska to the United States.
18
Q
Revolutions of 1848
A
19
Q
Otto von Bismarck
A
- Prime minister of Prussia during the 1800s
- Founder and first chancellor of the German Empire, which was his greatest achievement, but only survived for 20 years
- He could be considered a last representative of the world of the ancien regime and cabinet diplomacy.
20
Q
Franco-Prussian War
A
- war in which a coalition of German states led by Prussia defeated France
- The war marked the end of the French hegemony in Continental Europe
- Also resulted in the creation of a unified Germany
21
Q
ESSAY: Explain how the ideas in the Enlightenment influenced revolutions in America and France. How were both revolutions similar? Different?
A
22
Q
ESSAY: Describe the changes brought on by the Industrial Revolution. How did this change Western Europe society?
A
23
Q
ESSAY: What were some changes Europe experienced in the 19th century? What effects did revolutionary activity have on the ruling class? What steps did nations take toward modernization?
A
