Dual Credit US History Exam 3 Flashcards
Lincoln’s Vice President
Andrew Johnson
Anger grows when southern governments revise slave laws: many restrictions on ex-slaves; restricting the right to own property, conduct business, buy and lease land, move freely in public, etc.
Black Codes
No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens in the United States
14th Amendment
Agree on Bureau: help/protect ex-slaves, First USG aid to individuals, help some whites; tremendous southern entity’s
Freedman’s Bureau
Congress: refuse to recognize southern governments, challenge Johnson’s leniency
Black Codes
A prominent national labor organization in the US.
Organized unskilled workers.
Campaigned for an eight hour workday.
Aspired to form a cooperative society in which laborers owned the industries in which they worked.
Knights of Labor
An American Protestant-led Christian extremist.
Founded in 1865 during reconstruction in the devastated South.
Ku Klux Klan
He became the 17th president following Lincoln’s assassination
Andrew Johnson
President Abraham Lincoln and Congress cooperated on this.
It is an act to provide food, shelter, clothing, medical services, and land to displaced Southerners, including newly freed African Americans.
Freedman’s Bureau
Champion of yeoman farmers
Andrew Johnson
Refuse to follow TN into succession
Andrew Johnson
An organized massacre of a particular ethnic group.
Jewish People in Russia or eastern Europe in the late 19th century and early 20th centuries.
Violent riot on Jews or certain ethnic groups.
Pogroms
Citizenship; “Due process of law”; “Equal protection of laws”; Void Confederate debt; Bar Leaders from State/National office.
14th Amendment
Referred to white southerners who supported Reconstruction policies and efforts after the conclusion of the American Civil War.
Joined black freedmen and so called carpetbaggers in support of Republican Party policies.
Slur used derisively by White SOuthern Democrats who opposed the Reconstruction legislation.
Scalawags
Classified as the first American terrorist group.
Attacked any Christian or African American.
Ku Klux Klan
Encourage (not require) vote for black men: for full representation in House, must let black men vote; ignore women
14th Amendment
A political candidate who seeks election in an area where they have no local connections.
A person from the northern states who went South after the Civil War to profit from Reconstruction.
Perceived as an opportunist.
Carpetbaggers
Rejected succession, but adamant on limited government, states’ rights, white supremacy
Andrew Johnson
mass produced steel
Adapted british technology
Produced 60% of US Steel
Andrew Carnegie
It was a Christian Social Reform.
Occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and sought to apply Christian ethics to social issues.
It focused on helping the poor and marginalized
Social Gospel movement
key figures associated included Washington Gladden, Walter Rauschenbusch, and Jane Addams.
Social Gospel Movement
Movement of African Americans from the South to urban areas in the North and West
African Americans left the South in search of better jobs and living conditions. The South’s racial discrimination and economic oppression were major push factors.
The Great Migration
Ex-slaves trying to repay loans; whites also became ______ when they lose their land to debt; In 1877, one third of the South’s farms worked by these people.
sharecroppers
was a deadly workplace tragedy.
It occurred on March 25, 1911, in New York.
A fire broke out on the top floor of the factory, which employed many young immigrant women working long hours in unsafe conditions.
The fire galvanized public outrage and spurred reforms such as improved building codes,fire safety regulations, and labor right protections.
the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
Democrat nominee to run against McKinley.
He was a three-time presidential candidate, but never won the presidency.
He is perhaps best remembered for his “Cross of Gold” speech passionately arguing for the free coinage of silver, a policy he believed would inflate the money supply and aid farmers who were struggling.
William Jennings Bryan
This party was founded by farmers and laborers, who were struggling economically.
It was known as the People’s Party. They called for major reforms including the free coinage of silver to increase money supply.
This Party did not survive long as a political entity, but many of their ideas were adopted by other political movements and later incorporated into mainstream policy.
Populist Party
Author of The Jungle
He was a journalist and writer dedicated to exposing corruption, social injustice, and exploitation.
In addition to his writings, he was also involved in politics. He ran for governor of California in 1934 as a member of the Socialist Party. Though he didn’t win, his social campaign known as the End Poverty In California (EPIC) movement highlighted desire for social and economics reforms to address poverty and unemployment.
Upton Sinclair
Assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford’s Theatre in Washington DC.
He was a Confederate Sympathizer, and believed the Southern States should remain independent.
A famous actor during his time, as ran in his family
John Wilkes Booth
This had a major impact on the American culture, and played a key role in the Harlem Renaissance, a flourishing of African American culture and intellectual life in the 1920s, centered in Harlem, New York.
The Great Migration
A strong advocate for the abolition of slavery in the US.
Played a pivotal role in pushing for the passage of the 13th amendment.
A leader of the Radical Republicans during the Civil War
also presented Pennsylvania in the US House of Representatives for nearly 30 years.
Thaddeus Stevens
was the pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, and American author and humorist.
He is best known for his works The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Considered great works of American literature!
He was not only a writer but also a sharp social critic.
Mark Twain
What year was the 13th Amendment ratified, abolishing slavery?
1865
what year did the Railroad Strike protest wage cuts?
1877
what year did Congress pass the First Reconstruction Act and Tenure of Office Act?
1867
IWW was founded what year?
1905
What year was McKinley assassinated
1901
What year did Congress approve the 15th Amendment?
1869
What year did the USS Maine explode?
1898
what year did Panama grants canal rights to the US?
1903
what year did the Great White Fleet makes world tour
1907
what year did the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in NY burn down
1911
Explain the process of Reconstruction. Discuss the various applications of Reconstruction from the perspective of the Democrats, Moderate Republicans, and Radical Republicans. Was it a success? Failure?
Reconstruction was the time following directly after the Civil War. The War had left much damage on the people and places of the United States, and the Reconstruction aimed to ‘rebuild’ what had been broken and destroyed. Success in this endeavor would not only result in more stability for the country, but also would serve to restore hope to the many who had lost it.
The era of Reconstruction occurred from 1865 to 1867. Andrew Johnson took over this directly after President Abraham Lincoln’s assassination in 1865. Johnson was a Southern Democrat, and he sought to reintegrate the Southern States quickly with merciful conditions. His approach was criticized, however, as being too lenient and failing to protect the rights of freedom. Although it began with President Andrew Johnson, it quickly became a “battleground” of sorts between the Radical Republicans and the more moderate Republicans and Democrats.
For Radical Republicans, Reconstruction was their chance to remake the South, giving civil rights to freedmen and ensure their political participation. They passed the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, which abolished slavery and granted African Americans more freedom and rights. Despite these advances, there was much resistance from many whites, and violence often broke out in the South, undermining these efforts.
Reconstruction ultimately ended in failure to achieve lasting racial equality. The Southern economy struggled and many were left in poverty, especially slaves who had been freed. While some good did stem from it, like significant legal and constitutional progress, it failed in bringing about true social and political equality overall. This time set the stage for segregation and much hatred that would last for decades to come.
. Discuss how industrialization and immigration affected American society in the late 19th and early 20th century. What were the positive and negative results of urbanization on immigrants and natives? How were the roles of women changed? How did government evolve? (Hint: labor reform laws, expansion of federal government, antitrust laws, tariffs, etc.)
Industrialization and immigration dramatically reshaped American society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. As industries like steel, oil, and textiles boomed, cities expanded rapidly, attracting millions of immigrants from Europe, Asia, and elsewhere. These new arrivals provided cheap labor, fueling industrial growth but also faced crowded, poor living conditions in urban areas. While industrialization created job opportunities, it also led to exploitation and harsh working conditions, particularly in factories and mines.
Urbanization brought both positive and negative effects. For immigrants, cities offered better prospects than rural areas, though they often endured low wages, long hours, and unsafe working environments. However, urbanization also allowed for the rise of new social and cultural institutions, like ethnic neighborhoods, churches, and community organizations. For native-born Americans, urbanization sparked concerns over cultural change and competition for jobs, but it also led to economic growth and the expansion of middle-class life, particularly for those who could adapt to the new industrial economy.
The roles of women evolved during this period as industrialization created new job opportunities outside the home, particularly in textiles, teaching, and office work. However, women still faced significant gender inequality in wages and working conditions. Government also evolved to address the challenges of industrial society, with labor reform laws aimed at improving working conditions, child labor restrictions, and the introduction of antitrust laws to break up monopolies. The federal government expanded its role through regulations, tariffs to protect American industries, and a growing focus on managing the economy, marking a shift toward a more interventionist state.
Explain the growth of American cities and how it affected society. Why were so many American minorities and immigrants drawn to the cities? What were the conditions in urban areas for the working class, poor, and minorities?
The growth of American cities in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was driven by industrialization, which created job opportunities in factories and businesses concentrated in urban centers. As industries expanded, cities became hubs of economic activity, attracting both native-born Americans and immigrants. Cities offered the promise of steady employment, better wages, and improved living standards compared to rural areas, leading to rapid urbanization and a surge in population.
Many minorities and immigrants were drawn to the cities due to the availability of factory jobs and the relative anonymity that urban life provided. Immigrants, especially from Europe, sought refuge from poverty, political instability, and lack of opportunity in their home countries. Cities offered them the chance to start anew, find work, and establish communities. For African Americans, migration to urban areas, especially during the Great Migration, offered an escape from the rigid segregation and limited opportunities in the South.
However, the conditions in urban areas for the working class, poor, and minorities were often harsh. Many lived in overcrowded, unsanitary tenements with inadequate ventilation, plumbing, and basic services. Workers endured long hours, low wages, and unsafe working conditions in factories. Minorities, particularly African Americans and immigrants, faced discrimination and were often relegated to low-paying, menial jobs. While cities promised opportunity, the realities for many were poverty, poor health, and social marginalization.
Explain the social reforms of the Progressive Era. Also, discuss how American politics changed during the early 1900’s. How and why did women get the right to vote? What implications did this period have on labor and poverty?
The Progressive Era, spanning from the 1890s to the 1920s, was a period marked by social reforms aimed at addressing the negative effects of industrialization, urbanization, and political corruption. Progressives pushed for labor laws to improve working conditions, including child labor restrictions and workplace safety. Social reforms also included efforts to regulate monopolies through antitrust laws, improve public health, and promote education. Key legislative achievements were the Meat Inspection Act and the Pure Food and Drug Act, which ensured food and drug safety, and the establishment of the Federal Reserve to regulate the economy.
American politics also changed during this time as Progressives called for greater government intervention in economic and social issues. Reforms such as direct election of Senators (17th Amendment) and women’s suffrage (19th Amendment) helped make the political system more democratic. The rise of progressive leaders like Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson saw the government take a more active role in regulating big business and supporting social welfare programs, marking a shift from the laissez-faire policies of the past.
Women gained the right to vote after decades of activism by suffragists, who organized protests, petitions, and campaigns. The 19th Amendment, passed in 1920, was the culmination of a long struggle for women’s equality, fueled by both social reforms and the changing roles of women in society, particularly during and after World War I. This period also saw labor and poverty issues addressed more directly, with unions gaining power and advocating for better wages, working hours, and conditions. The reforms helped improve living conditions for many workers but did not fully eradicate poverty, as many of the poorest still faced significant challenges in the rapidly changing economy.
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