World History Exam 1

Question 1

Leonardo da Vinci

Answer 1

1452 - 1519
best example of a Renaissance man
skilled artist, engineer, and inventor
painted the Mona Lisa and Last Supper

Question 2

Michelangelo

Answer 2

1475-1564
- An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect.
- Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of David.
- Major patron of the arts

Question 3

Raphael

Answer 3

1483-1520
- Italian Renaissance painter
- he painted fresco’s, his most famous being The School of Athens.
- architect of the high Renaissance

Question 4

Erasmus

Answer 4

(1466-1536)
- Dutch Humanist and friend of Sir Thomas More
- the most intellectual man in Europe and widely respected
- Believed the problems in the Catholic Church could be fixed
- did not support the idea of a Reformation
- Wrote Praise of Folly.

Question 5

Martin Luther

Answer 5

Martin Luther was a priest and theologian, who rebelled against the Church in 1517.
He began the Protestant Reformation by publishing his Ninety-Five Theses in October of 1517 and placing them on the door of the church at Wittenberg, Germany.
He lived during the 15th and 16th centuries, and led many people away from the Catholic Church.

Question 6

John Calvin

Answer 6

• 1509-1564
• French theologian
• Developed the Christian theology known as Calvinism.
• Attracted Protestant followers with his teachings.
• Heavily influenced by Augustine

Question 7

Thomas More

Answer 7

• He was a highly respected intellectual who wrote extensively on matters of law and theology
• he was befriended by some of the best academics of his time.
• Wrote “Utopia.”
• Extremely devoted to the king
• More was a powerful and wise public servant.

Question 8

Council of Trent

Answer 8

• Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants.
• Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.
• Reaffirmed Catholic canon and other teachings
• Reformed corrupt practices such as indulgences

Question 9

Henry VIII

Answer 9

• 1491-1547 King of England from 1509 to 1547
• He broke with the Roman Catholic Church and had Parliament declare him supreme head of the Church of England because the pope would not annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.
• his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England’s break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism.
  -He wanted to remarry and produce a male heir
• Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Question 10

Christopher Columbus

Answer 10

• He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to India.
• A self-educated navigator who studied the works of Paolo Toscanelli.
• He miscalculated the size of Earth.
• Believed to find India he came across the Caribbeans, which then founded the Americas.
• Sailed for Isabella and Ferdinand from Spain because they paid him a lump sum of money

Question 11

Vasco de Gama

Answer 11

• A Portugese sailor who was the first European to sail around southern Africa to the Indian Ocean
• Explored in the vein of Dias.
• He established the 1st direct sea connection between Europe and “Cape of Good Hope.”
• Also helped establish the Portuguese colonial empire in Africa and India.

Question 12

Taino

Answer 12

• Native American people of the Caribbean islands
• the first group encountered by Columbus and his men when they reached the Americas
• had an elaborate system of religious beliefs and rituals that involved the worship of spirits (zemis) by means of carved representations.
• They also had a complex social order, with a government of hereditary chiefs and sub chiefs and classes of nobles, commoners, and slaves.

Question 13

Hernan Cortes

Answer 13

• 1485-1547
• Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico
• Low-ranking nobleman who succeeded in the New World
• He conquered Mexico into the Spanish Crown.
• Destroyed the city renamed “Mexico City.”

Question 14

Ferdinand Magellan

Answer 14

• Portuguese explorer who led the Spanish expedition of 1519-1522 that was the first to sail around the world.
• Wanted to sail to the Spice Island; Charles I of Spain sponsored the voyage
• Died in the Philippines.

Question 15

Marco Polo

Answer 15

• Venetian merchant and traveler who traveled along the silk roads
• His accounts of his travels to China offered Europeans a firsthand view of Asian lands and stimulated interest in Asian trade.
• He wrote of the “Travels of Marco Polo”
• Presented Asia as mysterious land and ideas influential on colonialism.

Question 16

Petrarch

Answer 16

• Father of Humanism in the 14th century
• is most famous for being a poet during the Renaissance era in Italy.
• He is also held up as the mentor and ideal model for lyricism in poetry.

Question 17

Machiavelli

Answer 17

• Believed rulers should exercise honesty and keep their promises only when it suits their purposes
• Machiavelli ultimately argues that rulers should bend a variety of common virtues to keep and/or expand their territory.
• Machiavelli also warns rulers against hatred from their subjects.
• Wrote the prince
  -Both born and died in Florence, Italy

Question 18

Johannes Guttenberg

Answer 18

• German inventor of a method of printing from movable type.
• Born to a patrician family in Mainz
• worked at such crafts as goldsmiths and gem cutting in Mainz and Strasbourg and was experimenting with printing by 1438.

Question 19

Charles V

Answer 19

• This was the Holy Roman Emperor who called for the Diet of Worms.
• Is best known for being the King of Spain during the rise of the Protestant Reformation and the Holy Roman Emperor during the 16th century.
• He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation
• His time as Holy Roman Emperor is best remembered for his defense of Catholicism and fighting the Ottomans.

Question 20

Elizabeth I

Answer 20

• Protestant Queen of England following the Catholic Queen Mary
• during her reign the Spanish Armada was defeated
• last monarch of the Tudor dynasty
• Refused to marry because she stated she was bound to the Kingdom of England; caused unrest due to her not having an heir

Question 21

The Jesuits

Answer 21

• apostolic religious community called the Society of Jesus; opposed growing state control of religion and supported the pope
• Group of Catholics that wanted to bring education to the New World and back to Europe
• founded in 1534 by Ignatius of Loyola in opposition to the Protestant Reformation
• formed as a part of the Catholic / Counter Reformation movement to push back against the Protestant Reformation

Question 22

Teresa of Avila

Answer 22

• the first of only four women to have been named doctor of the church; very holy;
• Catholic nun in the 1500s; doctor of the Church (theologian who wrote a lot of texts that are canon to our beliefs)
• Her ascetic doctrine and Carmelite reforms shaped Roman Catholic contemplative life, and her writings on the Christian soul’s journey to God are considered masterpieces.

Question 23

Reconquista

Answer 23

• Name for gradual reconquest of Iberia by Christian kingdoms following Umayyad conquest in 8th century;
• Attempt to reestablish Early Medieval Visigothic kingdoms; Likened to Crusades - attempt by Christendom to repel advances of conquering Moores
• Restored Spain to Christianity
• Beginning of the golden age of Spain
• ended in 1492 with the defeat of the Moorish Kingdom of Granada by Ferdinand and Isabella

Question 24

Copernicus

Answer 24

• one of the scientists of the Renaissance who contributed to major innovations in science and astronomy due to a rebirth of Classical understandings of science and math; proposed the heliocentric theory

Question 25

Galileo

Answer 25

• natural philosopher, astronomer, and mathematician; made revolutionary telescopic discoveries, including the four largest moons of Jupiter; made fundamental contributions to the sciences of motion, astronomy, and strength of materials and to the development of the scientific method

Question 26

Isaac Newton

Answer 26

• sometimes called the “Father of Calculus” for work in classical mathematics
• student of Trinity College at Cambridge University
• most famous for introducing laws of motion and gravity in Philosophiae Principia Mathematica (1687)
• also calculated the speed of sound, developed theory of color, laws of thermodynamics, and others

Question 27

Pizarro

Answer 27

• Spanish explorer who conquered Peru and, after assassinating Emperor Atahualpa, conquered the Inca Empire and claimed its territories on behalf of the Spanish crown
• Inspired by Hernan Cortes; from Spain; went to Peru in search of large amounts of gold; killed the Incas and their emperor after they refused to convert to Christianity

Question 28

Philip II

Answer 28

• became King of Spain on the abdication of his father Charles V.
• He ruled over a unified Spain and all its dominions in the New World, as well as the Netherlands and Naples and Sicily
• renowned for taking a disempowered, small kingdom that had been largely conquered by England and transforming it into one of the great powers in medieval Europe

Question 29

Columbian Exchange

Answer 29

• Old World (Eurasia, Africa) and New World (Americas) in contact for the first time
• a massive biological exchange between worlds - plants: tomatoes, corn, peppers, and potatoes introduced to Old World
• rice and wheat introduced to the New World
• animals: horses, livestock, poultry, and bees introduced to the New World
• diseases: smallpox and influenza introduced to the New World, syphilis introduced to the Old World

Question 30

Oliver Cromwell

Answer 30

• English politician and statesman who established the Commonwealth of England and led as virtually a military dictator as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth until his death, which would lead to a power vacuum and the restoration of Charles II to the throne of England
• he was a pius Puritan who wanted to make England the model Protestant land, but alienated most of the population with his strict policies

Question 31

John Locke

Answer 31

• known as “The Father of Liberalism,”
• he built on works of Hobbes – esp. on the Social Contract Theory – and the Tabula Rasa Theory
• he wrote Two Treatises on Government (1690) → written in the wake of the Glorious Revolution – argued that man is endowed by God with natural rights to life, liberty, and property, argued the role of government is to protect the natural rights of its subjects, and subjects had the right to alter, change, or abolish their government if they failed to uphold natural rights

Question 32

Adam Smith

Answer 32

• Scottish economist and philosopher, often known as the “Father of Economics / Capitalism”
• wrote during early stages of Industrial Revolution (the physical outgrowth of the Scientific Revolution)
• The Wealth of Nations (1776) → pointed out weaknesses of mercantilist systems, advocated for cleared divisions of labor and for a free market economy, and suggests that market forces with lead to more efficient and effective production – benefitting both state and consumer

Question 33

Voltaire

Answer 33

• French Enlightenment writer, historian, and philosopher famous for his wit, his attacks on the established Catholic Church, and his advocacy of freedom of religion, freedom of expression, and separation of church and state

Question 34

Rousseau

Answer 34

• Genevan philosopher, writer, and composer whose political philosophy influence the progress of the Age of Enlightenment as well as the French Revolution and the development of modern political, economic, and educational thought
• most famous writings were The Social Contract, which argued that men enter into a social contract with their government, and Emile, which outlined the ideal education for model citizens

Question 35

Thomas Hobbes

Answer 35

• wrote Leviathan, which proposed a new theory of government, including the social contract through which subjects give up sovereignty to an absolute ruler, the king derives power from his subject, as without them he could not exist

Question 36

Natural Rights

Answer 36

• rights that humans are endowed with by God, including the rights to life, liberty, and property
• the role of the government is to protect its citizens’ natural rights and citizens can alter, change, or abolish their government if they fail to protect their natural rights

Question 37

Bartolome de Las Casas

Answer 37

• Spanish priest who believed that the Spanish conquest of the the Americas was unnecessary for the conversion of Native Americans
• believed that the Spanish were mistreating the Native Americans

Question 38

Middle Passage

Answer 38

• part of the Atlantic Triangular Trade route
• used to transport goods and slaves from Africa to the Americas
• known for the horrible treatment of Africans who would be enslaved on plantations in the Americas

Question 39

The Age of Exploration resulted in different cultures interacting with each other. Describe the effects of the European exploration of the Americas (religious, cultural, social, economic, and political)

Answer 39

Religion
Explorers wanted to spread Christianity
Missionaries were crucial in converting indigenous peoples
Elements of both Christian and indigenous practices/beliefs blended together
Cultural
Exchange of ideas, food, languages, and technologies
This exchange → Columbian Exchange
Introduced new crops, animals, and cultural practices
Europeans brought devastating diseases to the Americas
Indigenous peoples had no immunity
Decreased their population significantly
Europeans brought crops
ex) barley, rye, wheat, sugar, bananas, yams, citrus fruit, coffee, rice, and sugarcane
Social
Displacement and/or relocation of indigenous peoples
Caused disruptions in established social structures
Interactions between Europeans, indigenous peoples, + African slaves → complex caste system
Economies
Europeans exploited natural resources in the Americas
Gold + silver
They exploited agriculture production
Cultivation of sugar, tobacco, and cotton
New plants → new economies
Contributed to creation of huge slave societies
Grew bananas, sugar, and citrus foot
Atlantic Slave Trade
Transportation of African slaves to work on plantations
Africans were brought to America to grow cotton, tobacco, rice, and other crops
Politics
Europe (mainly Spain and Portugal) established vast colonial empires
Treaty of Tordesillas
Split up American land between Spain and Portugal

Question 40

What factors led to the Protestant Reformation? How did the Catholic Church respond? What events occurred in Europe as a result of the Protestant Reformation?

Answer 40

Causes
Selling indulgences/Abuse of power from popes and other clergy
Luther’s 95 Theses
Catholic Church’s Response
Abuse of power
Church formed a counter-reformation
An attempt to fix the corruptness of the Church
Priests receive more education and better training
Pope ended selling indulgences
Luther’s 95 Theses
Luther went to his bishop to talk about the corruptness of the Church
Bishop told him not to bring it any further
Luther went to the Pope with the issue
Pope disregarded his concern
Luther went against the word of a Pope which is heresy
Luther is excommunicated from the Church
Events occurred as a result of the Protestant Reformation
Council of Trent
Organized by the Pope
Passes reforms of the Roman Catholic Church
The council is part of the Counter-Reformation
Attempt to improve and renew the church
Priests receive more education and better training
Henry VIII breaks from the Church
established Anglican church
Thirty Years War
Series of conflicts that began early in the 17th century in the Holy Roman Empire and involved much of Europe
Started as a conflict between Protestants and Roman Catholics but soon became a struggle for political power

Question 41

Explain the development of European monarchs in the 17 th century. What were some of the Enlightenment ideas that contributed to this development? How did these ideas shape future governments (America and France).

Answer 41

Louis XIV
Embraced the concept of divine right
Asserted that kings derived their authority directly from God
Centralized power in the monarchy
Diminished the influence of nobles and strengthening the royal bureaucracy
King James II
Given English throne by William of Orange and Mary
led to the establishment of constitutional monarchy and the drafting of the Bill of Rights in 1689.
Montesquieu
French philosopher
Proposed the separation of powers to prevent tyranny
His ideas influenced framers of constitution
Including the U.S. Constitution
This Enlightenment idea greatly influenced the Founding Fathers of the United States.
The Constitution, drafted in 1787, incorporated principles such as the separation of powers, checks and balances, and protection of individual rights.
The Declaration of Independence reflects Enlightenment ideals, asserting the natural rights of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.
Enlightenment ideas
played a crucial role in the lead-up to the French Revolution
The call for liberty, equality, and fraternity echoed Enlightenment principles,
led to the establishment of the First French Republic and the end of absolute monarchy