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Psych 305 > Works of Freud & Jung > Flashcards

Works of Freud & Jung Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the psyche?

A
  • The totality of the human mind, conscious, and unconscious
  • Has fixed amount of energy that can be depleted throughout the day
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2
Q

Sigmund Freud

A
  • Austrian neurologist and professor, later a psychotherapist
  • Used hypnosis for symptom relief
  • Father of psychoanalysis
  • Focused on unconscious processes, libido, and anxiety/defence mechanisms
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3
Q

Carl Jung

A
  • Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist; worked with Freud in the early 1900s
  • Founded analytical psychology
  • Focused on collective unconscious, archetypes, etc.
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4
Q

Early Problems and Questions (what did Freud and Jung want to know?)

A
  • What aspects of the psyche determine human behaviour?
  • How are the mind and psyche organized?
  • How does the psyche manage threats and anxiety?
  • What are the main factors in personality development?
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5
Q

Question 1: What aspects of the psyche determine human behaviour

A
  • Freud: psychic determinism and basic instincts

- Jung: free will

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6
Q

psychic determinism

A
  • Freud
  • Nothing happens by chance (human behaviour isn’t completely random)
  • Freud argued that nothing happens by accident – there is a reason behind every act, thought, and feeling -> everything we do, say, think, feel is an expression of our mind (either conscious or unconscious)
  • Reasons can be discovered by examining the contents of the unconscious mind (clinical intervention of psychoanalysis helped with discovering the unconscious)
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7
Q

basic instincts

A
  • Freud
  • Instincts: strong innate forces or drives that provide all of the energy in the psychic system; primary motives of human behaviour
    • Libido: life/survival instinct/drive
    • Thanatos: death instinct/drive (more destructive – ex. Self-sabotaging behaviour)
  • Today, we know these instincts as love/sex (libido) and aggression (thanatos)
    • Suggested these instricts could intertwine – ex. Eating (self-fulfilling but also destructive)
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8
Q

free will

A
  • Jung
  • Argued that free will and goal directedness largely explain human behaviour, not unconscious processes
  • De-emphasized the role of the unconscious mind and negative drives
  • Referred to psychic “energy” more generally (vs. Instincts)
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9
Q

Question 2: how are the mind and psyche organized?

A
  • Freud: organization of the mind
  • Freud: structure of personality
  • Jung: organization of the mind
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10
Q

Organization of the mind according to Freud

A
  • Conscious: contains thoughts, feelings, and images you are presently thinking about (ie. these flashcards)
  • Preconscious: contains information you are not presently thinking about, but that can be easily retrieved (ie. the name of your childhood best friend)
  • Unconscious: part of the mind holding instincts, urges, and thoughts/memories of which the person is unaware (ie. unacceptable sexual urges)
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11
Q

structure of personality

A
  • Freud

- personality is comprised of the Id, Ego, and Superego

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12
Q

Iceberg Metaphor for structure of personality

A
  • Most of the mind (and all of the id) is in the unconscious mind (“underneath the water”)
    • Unconscious part of the mind is “motivated” -> instincts are driving us to do certain things
  • Ego and superego found both in the conscious and unconscious mind (“above and below the water”)
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13
Q

organization of the mind according to Jung

A
  • Ego: the conscious part of the mind (note that on tests, “ego” refers to Freud’s conception of it)
  • Personal unconscious: includes anything that is not currently conscious, but is capable of becoming conscious under certain conditions; similar to Freud’s concept of the unconscious
    • Includes repressed memories, forgotten experiences, etc.
  • Collective unconscious
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14
Q

2 interpretations of the collective unconscious (within Jung’s organization of the mind

A
  • Minimal interpretation: certain structures and predispositions of the unconscious are common to us all; inherited and species-specific; genetic basis (analogous to the pattern of bones we all share)
  • Maximal interpretation: the archetypes afford evidence of a communion with some kind of divine or “world” mind (ie. Linking something that extends beyond the individual psyche)
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15
Q

Question 3: how does the psyche manage threats and anxiety?

A
  • Freud: anxiety
  • Freud: defense mechanisms
  • Jung: meaning and mysticism
  • Jung: synchronicity
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16
Q

Anxiety according to Freud

A
  • an unpleasant state that signals that things are not right and something must be done -> ego is being threatened
  • 3 specific types of anxiety
  • In all 3 types, the function of the ego is to cope with threats and reduce anxiety (tension reduction) -> defense mechanisms
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17
Q

3 types of anxiety according to Freud

A
  • Objective anxiety: occurs in response to real, external threat to a person (ex. seeing a man with a chainsaw)
  • Neurotic anxiety: occurs when there is a direct conflict between id and ego (ex. worrying you might blurt out an unacceptable thought in public)
  • Moral anxiety: caused by conflict between ego and superego (ex. feeling like you haven’t lived up to the standards you’ve set for yourself)
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18
Q

Freud: what are defense mechanisms/what do they do?

A
  • Ways for ego to cope with anxiety and protect itself
  • Can operate unconsciously
  • Distort, transform, or falsify reality in some way
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19
Q

Freud: types of defense mechanisms

A
  • rationalization
  • intellectualization
  • denial
  • repression
  • displacement
  • projection
  • reaction formation
  • regression
  • sublimation
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20
Q

rationalization

A
  • reasoning, making excuses (not intellectual)

- Ex. “I failed the exam because the bus was late and I was stressed out”

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21
Q

intellectualization

A
  • offering fact-based explanations, using information

- Ex. “I always fight with my friends because I’m high in neuroticism”

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22
Q

denial

A
  • information pushed out of consciousness, but retrievable

- ex. refusing to believe you have a terminal illness or accept critical feedback (perhaps due to FAE)

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23
Q

repression

A
  • memories/information pushed into the unconscious

- ex. having no memory of childhood trauma you endured

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24
Q

displacement

A
  • threatening impulse/desire redirected to other target

- ex. Being frustrated because of your boss, then turning that frustration towards a friend

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25
Q

projection

A
  • projecting own negative qualities onto others (distracts/takes your mind off what’s really going on within you)
  • ex. a man who has desire to cheat on his wife begins to be suspicious that his wife is cheating on him
26
Q

reaction formation

A
  • display of opposite behaviours; often exaggerated

- ex. being overly nice to your SO even though you’re really mad at them

27
Q

regression

A
  • returning to earlier and less demanding physical/mental state
  • ex. having excessive crying fits when things don’t go your way
28
Q

sublimation

A
  • converting unacceptable desires and anxiety into acceptable behaviours (the only healthy mechanism, but only if the tension is actually reduced)
  • ex. taking a kickboxing class instead of actually beating someone up
29
Q

Jung: meaning and mysticism

A
  • Anxiety propels us to make meaning of our world (ex. What is my purpose in life? Why am I here?)
  • Meaning helps us manage anxiety; religion, spirituality, and symbolism are important sources of meaning
30
Q

Jung: synchronicity

A
  • The experience of 2 or more events as meaningfully related, where they are unlikely to be causally related
  • An important source of meaning and a marker of personal growth (“individuation”, self-awareness)
  • Ex. Picture of wife as a kid at Disneyland, with husband as a kid in the background
  • Explanations:
    • Confirmation bias: confirming beliefs/expectations
    • Apophenia: detecting pattern in meaningless data
31
Q

what are the main factors in personality development?

A
  • Freud: psychosexual development

- Jung: individuation

32
Q

Freud: psychosexual development

A
  • People pass through a series of stages in development
  • At each of the first 3 stages, young children must face and resolve specific conflicts; failure results in fixation at stage; method of gratification defines adult personality
  • Each stage focuses on a method of sexual gratification (satisfying libido)
  • 3 main stages (oral, anal, phallic) and 2 others (latency, genital)
33
Q

Oral Stage

A
  • Birth to 18 months
  • Main source of pleasure and tension reduction are the mouth, lips, and tongue
  • Key conflict is weaning from breast or bottle -> developing independence while still trusting parent
  • Fixations:
    • Neglectful parents -> “oral aggressive personality” (hostile, aggressive, sadistic)
    • Over-protective -> “oral receptive personality” (needy, co-dependent, masochistic)
    • Continuing to obtain pleasure from mouth (ex. from smoking, overeating)
34
Q

Anal Stage

A
  • 18 months to 3 years
  • Child obtains pleasure from first expelling feces and then retaining feces during potty training
  • Key conflict is child’s ability to achieve self-control
  • Fixations:
    • Strict parents -> “anal retentive personality” (stubborn, obsessive, overly tidy)
    • Liberal parents -> “anal expulsive personality” (emotional, rebellious, messy)
35
Q

Phallic Stage

A
  • 3-5 years
  • Child discovers he has (or she doesn’t have) a penis
  • Sexual desire directed toward the parent of the opposite sex
  • Produces Oedipal/Oedipus or Electra conflicts
  • Fixation: Phallic personality -> self-assured, vain, impulsive with Oedipal or Electra complex
36
Q

Oedipal/Electra complex

A
  • unconscious wish to have opposite-sex parent all to self by eliminating the same-sex parent
  • Oedipal: eliminating father through aggression/competition, but then castration anxiety motivates them to finally identify with father (“identification”)
  • Electra: penis envy -> jealous of father’s penis; resenting mother for not giving them a penis; suggested women would never get over it and have inferior superego as a result (sexist theory)
37
Q

Latency Stage

A
  • 6 years to puberty
  • Little psychological development occurs
  • Focus of child is on learning skills/abilities necessary to succeed as an adult
38
Q

Genital Stage

A
  • Puberty through adult life
  • Libido is focused on genitals, but not in a manner of self-manipulation associated with the phallic stage
  • People reach this stage only if previous conflicts are resolved
  • Genital personality: well-adjusted, mature, able to love/be loved
39
Q

Jung: individuation

A
  • Focused on personality development in second half of life (rather than during childhood)
  • Individuation: the psychological process of integrating the conscious and unconscious while maintaining their autonomy; personal and collective unconscious assimilated into whole personality
    • Necessary for complete physical/mental health; good moral grounding
    • Formed the basis of analytical psychology
40
Q

Trump Case Study: Big 5/HEXACO

A
  • Extraversion: high (comfortable in front of people)
  • Conscientiousness: moderate (fairly disorganized yet committed to his businesses)
  • Openness: low (political ideologies restrict freedoms of others)
  • Agreeableness: low (deceptive in business, not modest)
  • Neuroticism: high (not emotionally stable, high reactivity – ie. Tweets)
  • Honesty-humility: low (egocentric, not humble/modest, etc.)
41
Q

Trump Case Study: Instincts

A

Driven more by thanatos (aggression), even when expressing feelings/thoughts related to libido (love/sex) - ie. Views surrounding women

42
Q

Trump Case Study: Id, Ego, Superego

A
  • Active/dominant id
  • Less active superego
  • Ego cannot maintain control of id
43
Q

intrapsychic domain

A
  • concerns features in the mind that influence behaviour, thoughts, and feelings
  • assumptions: some areas of the mind are outside our awareness, and few things actually happen by chance
44
Q

psychic energy

A
  • Freud believed this motivated all human activity
  • remains constant throughout lifetime
  • instincts are source of this energy
45
Q

blindsight

A
  • blindness post-stroke where eyes can still bring sensory info to brain, but brain fails to process it -> can make judgments about objects they can’t see (ex. pointing to a red ball)
  • evidence of the unconscious
46
Q

deliberation-without-attention

A
  • the ability of a person to come to a decision by putting it out of their conscious mind for sometime (ie. by “sleeping on it”) -> unconscious mind is still processing it during this time
  • ex. car study -> when decision was more complex, people in “unconscious” condition made better choices
  • evidence of the unconscious
47
Q

Id

A
  • most primitive part of the mind, source of all drives and urges
  • seeks immediate gratification (“pleasure principle”)
  • includes basic instincts (libido and thanatos)
  • operates with “primary process thinking”: thinking without an anchor in reality
  • related to “wish fulfillment” (temporarily keeping Id in check by conjuring up an image/fantasy of an Id urge)
48
Q

Ego

A
  • executive of personality
  • constrains id to reality -> operates on “reality principle”
  • understands that urges of id are often in conflict with social and physical reality (maintains balance between id and superego)
  • operates with “secondary process thinking”: developing problem-solving strategies grounded in reality to obtain satisfaction (ie. teasing your sister instead of punching her in the face)
49
Q

Superego

A
  • internalizes ideals, values, and morals of society
  • “conscience”; manifests as feelings of guilt if we do something wrong, and feelings of pride if we do something right
  • develops largely due to relationship with parents
50
Q

ego-depletion

A
  • idea that the more energy is used for one self-control activity, the less energy there is remaining for others
  • ex. having less self-control leftover to do a puzzle after having used a lot of it to resist fresh-baked cookies
  • self-control is like a muscle: can be tired out, but can also be trained through practice
51
Q

false concensus effect

A
  • believing many others are similar to you and share your thoughts, motivations, and traits
  • ex. thinking many people are introverted if you’re introverted
52
Q

Psychoanalysis methods

A
  • free association: letting your mind wander and saying what comes to mind
  • dream analysis: distinguishing between manifest content and latent content; may include symbols
  • projective techniques: ex. inkblot test
  • all of these lead to “insight”: an intense emotional experience accompanying release of repressed material
    • may be preceded by “resistence” (avoiding, insulting therapist, wasting time, etc.) or “transference” (ex. feeling/action towards the therapist as you do your mother)
53
Q

Storytelling Method of Dream Interpretation

A
  • way to facilitate independent dream analysis
  • write down a dream and circle important words (manifest content), then engage in a word association activity with those important words (finding latent content), then create a story using those new words
  • has shown increased insight into dreams vs. control groups -> “discovery”
54
Q

2 pursuits Freud said were hallmarks of healthy adult development

A

gaining pleasure from LOVE and WORK

55
Q

Do we all have similar superegos?

A
  • Evidence for universal morals
  • Studies show normal people and psychopaths can make similar moral judgments -> we all share awareness of what society expects (psychopaths just don’t care)
56
Q

Trump Case Study: anxiety

A
  • Shows objective anxiety (running for president)
  • Shows moral anxiety (wants to be the best)
  • Shows neurotic anxiety (due to id dominating personality)
57
Q

Trump Case Study: defence mechanisms

A
  • Denial: denying he said not paying taxes was smart
  • Reaction formation: making exaggerated claims about his good temperament
  • Rationalization: making excuses about his mic at the debate
  • Displacement: attacking Alicia Machado when the real threat is Hillary
  • Projection: spreading false info while accusing media of spreading “fake news”
  • Intellectualization: using/manipulating facts to support his opinion/reduce anxiety
  • Regression: reverting to bully-like behaviours
  • Sublimation: going golfing to reduce anxiety
58
Q

Trump Case Study: psychosexual development

A

Perhaps at the phallic stage (self-assured, impulsive, and potential Oedipus complex – conflict with father, underdeveloped superego)

59
Q

Trump Case Study: hierarchy of defense mechanisms

A

Trump is mostly at Level 3 (neurotic/intermediate defences)

60
Q

Additional Defence Mechanisms (don’t need to focus on these as much)

A
  • Acting out: attacking someone, becoming physically aggressive, name-calling (ex. Trump bullying reporter)
  • Intimidation: ex. Trump’s handshake as an intimidation tactic
  • Narcissism: individual deals with anxiety by seeing themselves in exaggerated way and/or putting down others

Psych 305 (18 decks)

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