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Nutrition > Working dogs > Flashcards

Working dogs Flashcards

1
Q

Sprint dogs are

A

High intensity physical activity
Can be sustained less then 2-3 min
Coursing (sight hounds)
Racing (greyhounds, whippets)
Weight pulling
Fli ball
Agility

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2
Q

Intermediate working dogs are

A

Physical activity lasting several minutes to a few hours
Trail running, bicycling
Herding trails
Hinting
Livestock management
Tracking, search and rescue
Police dogs
Service dogs

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3
Q

Endurance working dogs are

A

Physical activity lasting many hours
Sled pulling
Racing, expedition
Endurance

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4
Q

Type I muscle type is

A

Slow twitch
High oxidative capacity
Endurance

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5
Q

Type II muscle type is

A

Fast twitch
High glycolytic capability
Strength

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6
Q

How much does an intermediate working dog need x RER

A

1-5 x RER

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7
Q

How much energy does a sprint dog need

A

1.6-2 x RER

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8
Q

How much energy does endurance dogs need

A

> 5x RER

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9
Q

Other factors effecting energy needs of working dogs

A

Temperature
Humidity
Terrain
Altitude

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10
Q

By products of exercise

A

Heat
Acids (CO2 and arctic acid)
Free radicals

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11
Q

Energy sources

A

protein
carb
fat

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12
Q

ATP as a source of energy for working dogs

A

ATP is sole source of energy for muscle contraction
Amount is proportional to amount of work (distance and intensity)
Resting muscle only have enough ATP to fuel contractions for a few seconds
Creatine phosphate is rapidly converted to ATP, but stores also limited, only enough to support 5-15 seconds

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13
Q

Glucose as a energy source

A

Glucose can be used to generate anaerobic and aerobic metabolism
Anaerobic fast, but yields low
Aerobic slower, but greater yield
Glycogen stores relatively small, cannot sustain exercise for extended time

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14
Q

Fatty acids are used for

A

Fatty acids are stored in higher amounts, primary source for longer-lasting energy

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15
Q

Anerobic energy metabolism includes

A

Cr-P
Glycolysis

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16
Q

Aerobic energy metabolism

A

Glucose oxidation
Fat oxidation

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17
Q

Key considerations for diet in working dogs

A

Water
Energy
Fat
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Digestibility
Antioxidants

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18
Q

Water needs for working dogs

A

Heat dissipation leads to decrease in total body water and plasma volume
60% lost though fluid evaporation from upper resp tract
Water requirements double when ambient temp reaches 45*C
Allow unlimited water access

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19
Q

Energy needs depends on

A

Depends on intensity, duration and frequency of exercise
Source depends mostly on intensity

20
Q

Energy needs of greyhounds

A

Greyhounds work at high intensity
Have lower energy requirements
Short duration frequency only a few times per week

21
Q

Fats do what for food

A

8.5kcal/g
Practical means of increasing caloric density
Increases palatability
Increases digestibility
Lowers food intake
Slows gastric emptying
Improves digestion and energy intake

22
Q

Fat needs of endurance dogs

A

Fat oxidation more important with increased duration
Proper introduction important
Up to 60% of energy for sled dogs
Ultra-endurance dogs up to 8-% (super fat loading)

23
Q

Fat needs of intermediate working dogs

A

Fat needs for intermediate athletes proportionate to work done
30-55% of kcal for moderate work
45-65% of kcal for large amounts of work

24
Q

Fat needs for sprinting dogs

A

Fat requirements of sprint dogs not different than other dogs
20-24% of kcal

25
Q

Carbohydrates are and useful for

A

3.5kcal/g
Cannot be used to significantly increase caloric density
Carbohydrates include starches, sugars and fibre
Some level of fibre is helpful to avoid loose stool
However excess levels of fibre should be avoided
Bulky stools are extra weight

26
Q

Why are carbs highly digestable

A

Carbohydrates should be highly digestible
Undigested carbohydrates result in “stress diarrhoea”
Increases fecal water loss

27
Q

Sprint dogs need what for carbs

A

Anaerobic metabolism dominant energy generation
Higher carbohydrate levels maximize muscle glycogen
50-70% of kcal

28
Q

What are the carb needs of intermediate working dogs

A

Depends on intensity and duration
Long bouts of low to moderate intensity require higher fats and lower carbs (as low as 15% of kcal)
Short bouts of higher intensity work require higher levels (up to 50% of kcal)

29
Q

How much carbs do endurance dogs need

A

Require very little carbs
Carb levels kept low to allow for energy density (ie. fat) required
Less than 15% of kcal

30
Q

Protein is and why does it increase

A

Structural, biochemical and (to lesser degree) energy requirements
Work increases the requirement for protein
Most often seen when intensity and duration increases above conditioning level
Used in the formation of new muscle tissue and repair of damage

31
Q

What is the average amount of kcal/g of protein

A

3.5

32
Q

Protein sources serve a structural and functional purpose by

A

Small amount of energy used (5-15%)
Skeletal muscle can be mobilized
Negative impact on performance

33
Q

What happens to excess protein

A

Excessive dietary protein must be deaminated
Urea from amino acid breakdown is excreted via urine
Increased water loss

34
Q

Why are proteins required

A

Require enough protein to meet anabolic requirements
Require enough non-protein energy nutrients (carbs, fats) to meet energy requirements
Protein preferentially used for structural rather than energy uses
Digestibility and amino acid content important to determine how it will be incorporated into tissue proteins
Exact requirements necessary remain inconclusive (24-40% of kcal)

35
Q

Protein requirements of endurance dogs

A

Endurance dogs may require lower levels of protein in order to meet their high energy requirements (ie, fat)

36
Q

Enhanced digestibility results in

A

maximum delivery of nutrients

37
Q

Lower digestibility results in

A

greater fecal bulk

38
Q

What should the total DM digestablity be

A

Total DM digestibility should exceed 80%

39
Q

Antioxidants are important for working dogs because

A

Exercise results in increased oxygen consumption
Normal oxygen metabolism results in high reactive free radical molecules
Oxygen molecules split into single atoms with unpaired electrons
Scavenge the body to find matching electron
This can result in body damage
Antioxidants have excess electrons available to donate
The body normally responds with endogenous antioxidant systems
But with high intensity exercise these systems can be overwhelmed
Vitamins C & E, Selenium

40
Q

Sprint nutrition requirements

A

Rely on anaerobic energy metabolism, esp glycolysis
1.6-2x RER
20-24% fat
50-70% carbohydrate
Min 24% protein

41
Q

Intermediate nutrition requirement

A

Rely on aerobic energy metabolism, more on glucose oxidation
2-5x RER
30-65% fat
15-50% carbohydrate
Min 24% protein

42
Q

Endurance nutrition requirement

A

Rely on aerobic energy metabolism, esp fat oxidation
5x RER
>75% fat
<15% carbohydrate
Min 16% protein

43
Q

Feeding to maintain BCS

A

Tendency for working dogs to be lean (2-3/5)
Hunting dogs should be 2.5-3.5/5, but often higher
Why?
Greyhound often leaner (1-2/5)

44
Q

When to feed sprint dogs

A

Food >4hrs before exercise
Allow free access to water, except immediately prior
High-carbohydrate within 30 minutes of performance

45
Q

When to feed intermediate dogs

A

Feed after exercise or >4hrs before exercise
Free access to water at all times
Snacks given during exercise or at end of breaks <15 minutes before resuming exercise
Feed to adult maintenance during idle season
When initiating training, start new feeding schedule 6 weeks prior to season work

46
Q

When to feed endurance dogs

A

Feed after exercise or >4hrs before exercise
Free access to water at all times
Snacks given during exercise or after exercise
Monitor fat tolerance (steatorrhea and decreased palatability)

47
Q
A

Nutrition (15 decks)

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