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Water and energy Flashcards

1
Q

Water is how important

A

Major important nutrients to life, participating in all major physiological functions
Major constituent of animal’s body (75% at birth, 60% in adult age)
Classified as a macronutrient
Required in large amounts
Unlike protein, fat or carbohydrates, does not provide a source of energy

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2
Q

How does water help the body

A

Disperses nutrients and waste
Promotes optimal environment for biochemical reactions
Regulates body temperature
Lubricates joints, eyes and inner ear (transmits sound)

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3
Q

3 natural sources of water

A

Drinking
Food (variable amounts of water depending on food type)
Oxidation reactions in nutrients

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4
Q

Water provision is

A

Free choice fresh water is the general recommendation for all species
Recognized that cattle at maintenance (includes early and mid pregnancy) can obtain their water needs from snow (not ice)

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5
Q

Lack of water can casue

A

Thirst and dehydration
Reduced heat tolerance
Poor performance
Poor production
Death (3 to 10 d.)
Colic (especially horses)

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6
Q

Sources of water

A

Big problem in North America is usually quality, not availability
Surface water
Open (flowing)
Closed (salt lakes)
Well water

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7
Q

Water quality affects and how

A

Water quality affects feed intake
Poor water quality decreases water consumption and food intake, which decreases performance

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8
Q

How does water intake vary

A

Water intake can vary depending on the physiological status of the animal
Beef cow can drink 5% of her body weight per day
Dairy cow producing milk may drink four times that much

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9
Q

Allowing animals to enter water source to drink is poor practice because

A

Results in fecal contamination of water
Many enteric bacteria, protozoa and parasites can be transmitted by fecal contamination of water
Animals that routinely enter stagnant watering sources are at risk for bacterial infections
Trials have shown that most times animals will preferentially select to drink water from alternative sources, if given the choice

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10
Q

Fencing water sources are

A

Use pump to deliver water to a nearby trough
Can be combined with aeration
Windmills can use wind energy to pump water from sources
Less microbial contamination

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11
Q

benefits to fencing water sources

A

Preserves banks
Less nutrients in water from saliva (K, P, N) so less algal growth.
Less disease
Better growth of calves
Less algal blooms

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12
Q

Blue green algae poisoning is

A

Cyanobacteria are common inhabitants of ponds and lakes
Multiply if:
Warm weather
Organic nutrients suddenly increase due to run off from slurry (liquid waste) from lagoons or fertilizers (N, P)
Steady, gentle wind may concentrate
Many species float and may be visible as a scum (makes water turbid)
A few species produce toxins
CNS signs and death (often sudden with little warning)
Fence off and aerate water

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13
Q

Mineral concentration is particularly a problem in

A

Arid areas
Closed surface waters
Wells

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14
Q

How does arid areas affect mineral contamination

A

High air temperature and low soil moisture results in high soil temperatures which stimulate bacterial respiration
Results in soils with 10x lower organic carbon and nitrogen

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15
Q

How does closed waters affect mineral concentration

A

Flows in and evaporates
Especially late summer
Great Salt Lake

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16
Q

How do wells affect mineral contamination

A

Shallow to medium depth
Minerals can contaminate a private well through groundwater movement and surface water seepage and water run-off

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17
Q

Mineral contamination in prairie sloughs

A

Typically lowest mineral content in spring following runoff
Highest in late summer
Most sloughs dry up in summer (1/3 of then disappear by mid-July in driest regions)
Evaporation plus desiccating winds concentrate the nutrients that get washed into sloughs

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18
Q

Two main profiles of mineral contamination

A

Calcium and Magnesium plus Carbonates and Bicarbonates (Shell Remnants, Hard water)
These are the most common type
Sodium and Potassium plus Chloride and Sulfates (Dried out seas)

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19
Q

Total dissolved solids is

A

Most Useful Overall Indicator
Sometimes measured as sum of ions
Sometimes measured as conductance
Easy to measure but not quite as accurate as directly measuring TDS

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20
Q

What do waters with high TDS commonly contain

A

Waters with high TDS typically have high Na and K ions (because these are highly soluble)

21
Q

Problems caused by salinity

A

Water refusal
Lower feed intake
Decreased production
Diarrhea
TDS < 1000 ppm are always safe
TDS > 10,000 ppm are very dangerous

22
Q

Sulphate toxicity is

A

In general, the tolerance to sulfates in water depends on total dietary intake (depends on the levels in feed) and total water consumption
Total water consumption influenced by
Environmental temperatures
Moisture levels in feed
Stage of production
Some ability to become accustomed to sulfates (rumen microflora can slowly shift over time)
Linked to development of polioencephalomalacia in ruminants
Disease of cerebral cortex

23
Q

Clinical signs and prognosis of sulphate toxicity

A

Signs include
Blindness
Head Pressing
Sulfate related form has a poor prognosis

24
Q

Water hardness is

A

Tendency to form insoluble precipitates with boiling or soaps
Related to presence of Ca, Mg, CO3 and HCO3.
Hard waters do not impair health
Hardness and Total Dissolved Solids are poorly related

25
Water pH is
pH not usually important Alkali waters Early settler misnomer for high total dissolved solids
26
Nitrates in water is
A big concern to farmers Comes from fertilizer, manure Feed is the main risk Poisoning especially likely in ruminants Rumen flora can rapidly reduce nitrates to nitrites Nitrate (NO3) reduces to nitrite (NO2), rapidly absorbed and leads to reduction of Hb to metHb Inhibits oxygen transport
27
Chocolate brown blood that cannot carry oxygen causes
Chocolate brown blood that cannot carry oxygen Dyspnea Cyanotic mucus membranes Weakness Death (if severe)
28
How much water should SA get
50-60 ml/kg/day Cats have lower physiological thirst drive than dogs Able to concentrate urine to conserve water Dogs drink and replace water deficit more rapidly than cats
29
Free drinking influenced by
Water Content of Diet Wet food 80-85% water Dry food <10% water Meal Frequency Typically drink after eating Increasing frequency can increase water intake Nutrient Composition Dogs increase free intake when fed higher carbs Cats increase free intake when fed higher protein
30
Nutrient enriched water is
Novel approach to increase total water intake in cats through feeding nutrient-enriched water Increase in free liquid intake increased 60% from baseline Cats preferred the new water
31
Different ways to measure energy
Energy Content of a food can be measured in different ways Gross Energy Digestible Energy Metabolizable Energy Net Energy
32
Gross energy means
total energy content of food
33
Digestible energy is
GE-fecal energy
34
Metabolizable enrgy
DE- urinary energy- gas energy
35
Net energy is
Energy available to tissues ME-energy lost in absorption, movement, and use of food (heat)
36
Gross energy is in
The energy liberated when the food is burnt to ash Highest for fats Least accurate measurement of a food’s energy content as seen by an animal Never used to calculate diets
37
Digestible energy is dependent on
Amount of energy absorbed from the digestive tract Amount of energy in the feed minus the amount of energy lost in the feces Depends on the fiber (cellulose and related plant fibers) content of the diet. Used to calculate horse and beef cow rations
38
Metabolize energy is in
Excludes the energy required for urinary and gas functions Net energy remaining after fecal and energy losses Represents the energy available for growth or reproduction and for supporting metabolic processes (work, locomotion) and respiration (thermoregulation, maintenance metabolism,etc) Differs from digestible energy (DE) mainly when it comes to protein
39
When amino acids are used as an energy source
They have to be deaminated Nitrogen is excreted in the urine as urea. ME takes this energy loss into account ME is used in pet foods
40
Net energy is for
Excludes the energy lost in absorption movement and use of food (ie, heat) The energy available to the cell (mainly as ATP) Different values depending on the use of the energy NEm: maintenance NEg: growth (production) NEl: lactation Used in formulating feedlot and dairy cow rations Very accurate
41
ME calculations
In the later 1890’s Atwater developed a simple system to calculate ME based on the fat, protein and carbohydrate (excluding fiber) components of the diet ME Protein and carbohydrate, ME = 3.5 kcal/g Fat, ME = 8.5 kcal/g Can use these values to calculate the ME available in a diet When diet formulated to meet AAFCO standards Calculated ME values
42
Energy is measured as
Calories Kcalories(kcals) = 1000 calories Confusingly, sometimes called the large calorie or simply the Calorie Mcalories(Mcals) = 1000 kcal Mcalories(Mcals) = 1,000,000 calories kJoules, SI measurement of energy 1 Mcal= 4.2 MJ
43
Energy and physiologic states
Energy requirements are specific for physiologic state Resting Energy Maintenance Energy Energy for Production Growth Lactation Work
44
Resting Energy Requirement (RER) is
Normal adult animal (not pregnant, growing or lactating) At rest Fed Energy to maintain body functions and digest food Works reasonably well within a species but over a wide range of weights requirement is actually proportional to Kg0.75 Take home message: For very small or very large animals in a given species requirements expressed /kg may be inaccurate.
45
Universal RER formula
RER = 70x(BWkg)^0.75
46
Simplified RER formula
RER = (30xBWkg) + 70
47
Maintenance energy requirement is
Maintenance energy requirement (MER) Resting energy requirement Plus an allowance for normal daily activity
48
Production-Defined as energy needed for
Lactation Pregnancy (fetal growth) Growth Special physical activity Working horse or sled dog
49
Energy for production is
Added to Maintenance Requirement to get overall energy requirement The total is the Daily Energy Requirement (DER)

Nutrition (15 decks)

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