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Nutrition > Digestion and macronutrients > Flashcards

Digestion and macronutrients Flashcards

1
Q

Herbivore means

A

Diet is plant based

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2
Q

Carnivore means

A

Diet is animal tissue

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3
Q

Omnivore measn

A

diet is both

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4
Q

Obligate carnivore means

A

Must eat animal tissue

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5
Q

Hyper carnivore means

A

> 70% of diet is animal tissue

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6
Q

Mesocarnivore means

A

50-70% of the diet is animal tissue

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7
Q

Hypocarnivore means

A

<30% of the diet is animal tissue

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8
Q

Herbivore digestion

A

Host (cow, sheep, horse)
Finds forage
Provides fermentation vat
rumen/cecum
Large intestine
Buffers fluid
Saliva
Intestinal secretions
Removed end products
Controls temp
Microbes (bacteria, fungi, protozoa)
Extracellular digestion
Converts carbohydrates to volatile fatty acids
Acetate
Butyrate
Propionate
Degrade and synthesize amino acids
Synthesize B vitamins
Is a symbiotic relationship

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9
Q

Efficient digesters

A

Fermentation occurs towards the start of the digestive tract
More tolerant of poor-quality diets
Do not require a dietary source of essential amino acids or essential fatty acids
Do not routinely require B vitamin supplementation

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10
Q

Hindgut fermenters

A

Fermentation is in the large intestine
Only VFAs, minerals and water are absorbed in the large intestine
Dependent on diet to supply essential amino acids and vitamins
Large intestine fermentation allows capture form plant cellulose and other plant fibres

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11
Q

omnivore digestion

A

Require dietary B vitamins
Dietary essential fatty acids (a-linolenic, linoleic)
Essential amino acids
Methionine, cysteine, lysine often limiting
Dietary carbohydrates are the importanta blood glucose source
Limited ability to digest fiber

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12
Q

Carnivore digestion (cats)

A

Specific dietary requirements. Essential dietary nutrients include
B vitamin
α-linolenic, linoleic and arachidonic acid (found in animal derived sources)
Essential amino acids
Taurine (a sulfonic amino acid synthesized in our other species from cysteine)
Protein is a major source of blood glucose
Very limited fiber digestions

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13
Q

Carbohydrates provide what

A

Provides a source of energy (3.5 kcal/g)
Can be completely replaced by protein and lipid as an energy source for maintenance (ie, not essential)

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14
Q

Carbohydrates change when and why

A

However; During growth, gestation, and lactation dietary carbs are required for dogs and cats
Takes too much energy to synthesise glucose from alternative sources
Normal protein intake may be inadequate to support gluconeogenesis
So carbs are conditionally essential

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15
Q

Starches and digestibility

A

Common sources are grain and potatoes
In small animals, usually cooked and ground to improve their digestibility
The grinding of corn into a meal increases digestibility from 79 to 94%
Uncooked starch ferments in the large intestine, generating intake of water
Starch broken down into glucose by pancreatic enzymes (amylase) and digestive cells of small intestine

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16
Q

Starches and food texture

A

Extruded pet food diets (dry food)
Ground, heated with steam, forced through holes and cut into shapes
The gelatinized starch helps hold the food together and gives it texture
Gravies and sauces (wet foods)
Dextrins, corn syrup, and starches
Dextrins are a polymer of glucose
Used to thicken gravy

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17
Q

Fiber types

A

Ability to be fermented by bacteria
Fermentable
Non-fermentable
Ability to dissolve in water
Soluble
insoluble

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18
Q

Crude fiber is

A

Insoluble fibre
Mainly lignin and cellulose, can underestimate hemicellulose

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19
Q

Neutral digestible fibre is

A

Ligin, cellulose and hemicellulose

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20
Q

Acid digestible fibre is

A

Lignin and cellulose
NFD-ACF = hemicellulose

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21
Q

Nitrogen free extract is

A

Digestible starches and soluble fibres

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22
Q

Total dietary fiber is

A

All fibre (soluble and insoluble)

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23
Q

What are the different fiber measurements

A

Crude fiber
Neutral digestible fiber
acid digestible fiber
Nitrogen free extract
Total dietary fiber

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24
Q

Importance of fiber for herbivores

A

Major energy source in herbivores only
Fermented to VFAs
Acetate and butyrate
What about propionate?
Starches and sugars

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25
Q

Importance of fiber

A

VFAs stop growth of some pathogens
Butyrate is preferred energy source for colon epithelial cells
Required for normal GI function in all species
Both physical properties and VFA production are important
Helps maintain normal fecal consistency

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26
Q

How does fiber help regulate fecal consistency

A

Fiber speeds intestinal transit in dogs with slow or normal transit
Fiber slows transit in dogs with rapid intestinal transit
Maintains stool quality- size and consistency

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27
Q

Why is fiber important in disease

A

In dogs, an increase in fibre is typically used to treat colitis
In cats, fibre can be used to help manage constipation

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28
Q

Prebiotics means

A

substances that selectively promote growth of beneficial bacteria

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29
Q

Fiber as prebiotics

A

Many are types of dietary fiber made from oligosaccharides
Fructooligosaccharides
Pectic oligosaccharides
Not digested by mammalian enzymes
Preferentially by fermented by beneficial microbes
Bacterial fermentation of fiber creates short chinese fatty acids
Provides 70% of the energy needed by enterocytes
May be added to foods to promote gut health

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30
Q

Fats characteristics

A

Solid at room temp
Generally saturated fatty acids

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30
Q

Types of lipids

A

Fats
Oils
Many are triglycerides
Lipids are energy dense (8.5 kcal/g)

31
Q

Oils characteristics

A

Liquid at room temp
Mostly unsaturated fatty acids

32
Q

Long chain triglycerides

A

Most common lipid in diet
Canola or soybean oil, animal fats
Transported from the small intestine in the lymphatics

33
Q

Medium chain triglycerides

A

More rapidly hydrolyzed in the small intestine than long chain triglycerides
Transported in the portal vein
Small component of common diets
Coconut oil is a good source
Used therapeutically in monogastrics
When there are problems in digesting long chain triglycerides
To boost brain function

34
Q

Types of lipids: carbon bonds

A

Saturated
Unsaturated
Trans saturated

35
Q

Saturated lipids

A

No double bond
Tallow (animal fat) about 40% saturated

36
Q

Mono-saturated

A

Type fo unsaturated lipid
One double bond
Olive, avocado, sunflower, canola, sunflower oils .50% monounsaturated

37
Q

Poly saturated lipids are

A

Type of Unsaturated lipid
Several double bonds
Found many plant oils
Fish oil is rich in omega-3 fatty acids

38
Q

Trans saturated lipids are

A

Artificial fats made when plant fats are hydrogenated
Hydrogen atoms added in an unnatural manner
Block normal metabolism in the body

39
Q

Functions of lipids

A

An energy source
More than twice the energy density of carbohydrates
Supplies 60% of body’s energy needs at rest
Stored as adipose tissue
Insulation and protection
Structural in cell membranes
As precursors of eicosanoids and prostaglandins
Signalling molecules important in cell regulations and inflammation
Carry fat-soluble vitamins
Contribute flavour, aroma and texture

40
Q

Essential fatty acids

A

Mammals cannot interconvert, or synthesise from new, omega 3 and omega 6 series fatty acids
Need a dietary source of each
Omegas are polyunsaturated fatty acids, need for the carbon location of the first double bond
Omega 6 vs omega 3
Ruminants have no dietary essential fatty acid requirements
EFAs are synthesised in rumen

41
Q

Essential fatty acids

A

Omega 3 and omega 6

42
Q

omega 3 fatty acid is and sources

A

Alpha linolenic acid is essential source in diet
Precursor of anti-inflammatory mediators
Docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid

Sources
Fish oil
Canola oil
Flax (linseed oil)
Marine microalgae

43
Q

Omega 6 fatty acids is and sources

A

Linoleic acid is the essential dietary source
Required to make inflammatory mediators
Cats also require arachidonic acid, cannot elongate linoleic acid
Sources
Chicken fat
Sunflower oil

44
Q

Proteins are

A

Proteins are groups of amino acids joined together by peptide links in different quantitative and sequences
Protein quality can be affected by the types of amino acids they supply
Digestion breaks the proteins into their amino acids, which are sued by the body
Excess protein in the diet is deaminated

45
Q

What does excess protein in the diet do

A

Excess protein in the diet is deaminated
The ammonia is converted to urea and excreted
The carbon skeleton is used for energy or fat

46
Q

Function of proteins

A

Build or replace body tissue
Integral part of body organs, tissues, hair, nails and cartilage
Function as enzymes (eg. digestive) and hormones (eg, insulin)
Act as carriers
Hemoglobin carrying oxygen and CO2
Part of the immune system
Immunoglobulins
Provide energy (3.5 kcal/g)

47
Q

Dietary essential amino acids

A

Cannot be synthesized by the mammal and are essential in the diet
Which ones vary with the species
Cats have the greatest number of dietary essential amino acids requirements

48
Q

Dietary non-essential amino acids

A

Do not need to be supplied by their diet
Can be synthesized from precursors

49
Q

Conditionally essential amino acids

A

Required in certain states

50
Q

Types of essential amino acids

A

Dietary essential aa
Dietary non-essential aa
Conditionally essential aa

51
Q

Measuring proteins

A

Labels are required to report crude protein content of the diet
Calculated by measuring total nitrogen content of diet
Includes
True protein
Non-protein nitrogen
Ammonia, nitrates, urea
Infamously- melamine

52
Q

Melamine is and contains

A

Melamine is a plastic
Used in plates
Contains nitrogen

53
Q

Why is nitrogen in melamine important and what is doe about it

A

Waste plastic was ground and added to protein meals in China
These were used in baby food and pet food
Breaks down to produce cyanuric acid
The combo of melamine and cyanuric acid is very toxic to the kidneys
Led to improved feed testing
Previously testes just for common toxins
New reputable pet food companies test feed to make sure it is normal
Often performed using spectroscopy

54
Q

Apparent digestable protein

A

Crude Protein Eaten – Crude Protein in Feces
Changed to amino acids in large intestine affect apparent digestible protein
Amino acids removed or produced in the large intestine not available to the animal

55
Q

Ileal digestable protein

A

Crude Protein Eaten – Crude Protein at Ileum
Not confounded by protein fermentation in the large intestine
Highly accurate, but highly invasive
AKA true digestible protein

56
Q

Biological value of protein

A

The usefulness of absorbed protein in building new tissue
Determined by amino acid composition
If amino acid composition of dietary protein is similar to that of the animals tissues then it has biological value
Protein from meat (not bone), liver and heart, milk (casein and whey) have an amino acid composition that parallels an animals needs
Readily converted to tissue proteins
High biological value
If protein completely missing an amino acid, cannot be used to make body protein
Has zero biological value
Protein sources may be mixed
Deficiencies in amino acids in one protein are balance by amino acids from another

57
Q

Ruminants and protein

A

Ruminal microbes
Digest dietary protein
Amount depends on structure of proteins
Degrade and interconvert amino acids
Can synthesize amino acids using
A non protein nitrogen source (NPN)
A carbohydrate skeleton
Dietary energy
Typically grain or molasse
No amino acid is essential in the diet

58
Q

Limitations of feeding NPN in general

A

Microbes and undigested dietary protein cleave the rumen and are digested in small intestine

59
Q

Limitations of feeding NPN for ruminats

A

Generally need at least ⅔ of nitrogen as a dietary protein
Not enough dietary energy to synthesise all the amino acids
Have a higher protein requirements if high producing
Remainder can be non protein nitrogen (NPN)

60
Q

Common sources of NPN

A

Common NPN sources are ammonia and urea
Ammoniated feed
Highly toxic if poorly mixed or too much injected into feed (hay)

61
Q

NPN toxicosis

A

Rate of ammonia
production exceeds ability of microbes to utilize it
Ammonia builds up in the rumen
Liver detoxification
overwhelmed
Elevated blood ammonia levels
Ammonia in the rumen is generally absorbed into systemic circulation and detoxified by the liver via the urea cycle

62
Q

Urea toxicity

A

Urea is widely used as a NPN source
Safer than ammonia
Minor excesses: decreased production

63
Q

Major urea excess signs

A

Muscle tremors
Salivation
Bellowing
Bruxism
Incoordination and weakness
Rapid earth, often close to urea feeder

64
Q

Monogastrics and protein

A

Horses, omnivores, carnivores
Require a dietary source of certain amino acids
Tryptophan, lysine and methionine often of major concern

65
Q

Bacterial fermentations for monogastrics and protein

A

Occurs in large intestine
Any amino acids produced by microbes cannot be digested or absorbed by the host because this only occurs in the small intestine

66
Q

Methionine is

A

Sulphur amino acid (also cystine)
Essential in hair protein (keratin) synthesis
Richly present in animal protein sources, eggs and fish

67
Q

Arginine is

A

Key role in immune system and urea excretion
Beneficial in heart and kidney disease
Richly present in animal tissues and gelatin

68
Q

Lysine is

A

Major role in protein synthesis
Deficiency slows growth in puppies/kittens
Meat and milk are good food sources

69
Q

Some essential aa

A

Methionine
Arginine
Lysine

70
Q

Taurine functions

A

Required for retina, heart and brain health
Important for reproduction functions
Antioxidant

71
Q

Taurine deficiencies can cause

A

Reproductive failure
Retinal degeneration
Dilated cardiomyopathy

72
Q

Taurine and DCM

A

Conditionally essential in dogs?
Connection b/w certain breeds of dogs and the development of DCM
These dogs do respond to taurine supplementation
Recent concern that certain types of diets (boutique, exotic, grain free) were being linked to development of DCM
Taurine deficiency cause?
Most dogs did not have low taurine levels
However improved after diet change

73
Q

Protein deficiency is

A

Inadequate protein or lack of essential amino acids in the diet
Protein is required for all aspects of growth, production and maintenance
Growing animals most susceptible

74
Q

Why are growing animals more susceptible to protein deficiency

A

Higher protein requirements
Less successful at competing for food
Reduced growth

75
Q

What does a protein deficiency in lactating dairy cows cause

A

High dietary protein requirements
Microbes cannot make enough
Poor production
Possibly excessive weight loss

Nutrition (15 decks)

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