Plants used as animal feeds Flashcards

Question

What is sugar beet pulp

Answer 1

Residue left after sugar extracted from sugar beets. Palatable, fiber readily digestible

Answer 2

Sugar Beet or Sugar Cane Semi moist feed Palatable Concentrate

Answer 3

Increase feed acceptance Reduce dust in dry feeds Mixed with minerals Mixed with non-protein nitrogen

Answer 4

By-product of the process of cleaning grain Classified into 4 classes: No 1 and 2 feed screenings–contain at least 35% by weight of the parent grain (whole, broken or shrunken kernels) Uncleaned screenings – as above, but uncleaned Refuse screenings – contain a higher proportion of dust, chaff, weed seeds Refuse grain screenings can be fed as-received or pelleted Variable nutrient content Suitable for ruminant diets

Answer 5

Harvest whole plant before seed fully mature and ensile e.g. corn silage, barley silage Can be regarded as high quality roughage or a mix or roughage and concentrate

Answer 6

Harvest seed, collect residue Wheat / barley/oat straw Bedding Poor energy source for ruminants (high crude fibre) Mature cattle only

Answer 7

Mainly seed hulls Unthreshed heads Some leaf and stem Some uncracked kernels Weed seeds Can be collected and used as feed Mature herbivores (cattle) only

Answer 8

Preserves and makes transportation easier Roughages Made into pellets, cubes, hay, greenfeed or straw Feed name is usually added e.g grass hay Mature Grain Naturally dry

Answer 9

Alfalfa or grass Ground and dried Very efficient but expensive method of conserving forage crops Hot gas passes through forages for 20-50 minutes (depends on the drier design and moisture content of the crop) Higher quality starting feeds, more consistent procut, more expensive

Answer 10

Cubes (about an inch) Longer particles Pellets Shorter particles

Answer 11

Dried whole grass Cut into swath and baled Less expensive than artificially drying but limited by natural elements and weather conditions Round bales are large around 500 kg Require a tractor to move them Square bales are small, around 25 kg Can be moved by hand Straw is the dried stem of cereal grains. It can be made in a similar fashion to hay or the plant can be allowed to dry standing. Either way the grain portion is removed during processing.

Answer 12

Hay that is wet looses nutrients Loss of leaf when swath raked / turned Mold if baled wet Mold metabolism Uses energy, generates heat Protein denatured Spores cause allergies and abortions

Answer 13

Quality is highly variable, depends on: Degree of leafiness Stems have more fiber and lower protein, DE, minerals, and vitamins Stage of maturity Less nutritious once flowering Most nutritious if harvested / eaten young Total yield low if eaten too early Assess quality by appearance and ANALYSIS

Answer 14

A MINIMUM of 20 samples Round bales - Sample perpendicular to outside surface - Sample from surface to center Square bales - Sample perpendicular to butt of bale - Near center Combine all the cores into a single bag for submission (about 200 g)

Answer 15

Silage Feed is placed in an airtight container and allowed to ferment Produces acids which stop bacterial and mold growth and preserve the feed Very useful when climate is wet Whole growing plant Mature plants are too dry to ferment Stemmy plants are too thick to preserve Green crop is cut and chopped, placed in a silo, packed and covered or sealed as quickly as possible. Biochemical processes transform the crop into silage. Within the first few hours, an aerobic reaction begins which consumes all of the oxygen in the silage. The duration of this reaction may range from a few hours to several days. Heat is created and valuable nutrients are consumed during the reaction. It is important to manage the forage properly beforehand to minimize the length of this process. Once all the oxygen has been consumed, fermentation begins, producing lactic acid which lowers the pH (acidity) level in the feed. When the pH level drops to a certain level, usually within three or four weeks, fermentation stops. The silage is ready.

Answer 16

Silo Pile, trench or clamp/bunker Plastic bage

Answer 17

Out of favor Not airtight, unloading problems, expensive

Answer 18

Packed with a tractor Covered with plastic

Answer 19

Large (ag-bags) make silage Bale sized: Haylage/Baleage

Answer 20

Can be harvested in any weather conditions Higher outputs of nutrient per acre Salvage crops damaged by weather Palatability of some crops improved

Answer 21

Labor and time Capital investment for storage facilities and harvester Limited market potential Long distance travel inefficient

Answer 22

Correct moisture content at harvest Must be anerobic – NO AIR Natural fermentation of some of the sugar and starch in the plant Produces acids which stop fermentation and preserves the feed Ideally lactic and acetic acids, little butyric pH Should be <5, ideally <4.5

Answer 23

Incorrectly prepared silage has a high pH Prone to mold growth which destroys nutrients May become contaminated with botulinum toxin, horses especially susceptible Short life in the feed bunk and heats when fed out Reduced dry matter consumption, milk production.