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Nutrition > Micronutrients > Flashcards

Micronutrients Flashcards

1
Q

Minerals are

A

Minerals are micronutrients
Only required in small quantities in the diet
Usually <5%
Not a significant source of energy

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2
Q

Macrominerals are

A

Requirements are often expressed as % of the diet
* All have some structural role
* Includes Ca, P, K, Na, Mg

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3
Q

Microminerals are

A
  • Requirements are often expressed as ppm or mg/kg
  • Many are co-enzymes
  • Despite being present in small amounts, are essential to function
  • Includes Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, I, Se
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4
Q

Potassium role

A

Maintains cell shape
Major role in cardiac function
Nerve conduction, muscle contraction
Majority of potassium in body found in cells

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5
Q

Sources of potassium

A

Widely distributed
Leafy plants are rich sources
Particularly roughages-grasses, alfalfa
Grains may be inadequate

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6
Q

Supplementation of potassium

A

Rarely a nutritional problem in herbivores
May need to be supplemented in pet foods
Potassium salt

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7
Q

When can you see potassium deficiencies

A

Problem in sick animals that are off feed
Muscle weakness, cardiac rhythm disturbances, pica
Diarrhea in small animals
High potassium losses
Excessive acidification of urine
Some heart or kidney disease demand modification of food-supplied amounts

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8
Q

Role of sodium

A

Contributor to osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid
Controls blood volume
Major role in cell’s energy metabolism

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9
Q

Sources of sodium

A

Sodium chloride (NaCl, salt) of mineral or marine origin
Fish, eggs, poultry by- product meal and soy isolates

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10
Q

Supplementation of sodium

A

Only mineral for which there is a clearly defined appetite
Added directly to food or offered as part of mineral block
Increases palatability

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11
Q

Sodium deficiency animal behaviour and signs

A

In cases of deficiency, animals typically seek out salt
After months of deficiency
◦ Reduced feed intake, growth / lactation
◦ PU/PD

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12
Q

Sodium toxicity can be caused by and looks like

A

More than 2% salt in diet can be toxic
Toxicity also affected by water availability
Signs
◦ Diarrhea, PU / PD
◦ Decreased production

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13
Q

When does sodium toxicity happen

A

Salt toxicity occurs with excess salt and/or limited/intermittent water
Pigs partially susceptible
See signs if normal diet sodium
No water
Hypernatremia and CNS disease
Wandering
Blindness, deafness
Head-pressing, dog-sitting
Takes at least 2 days to develop

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14
Q

Chlorine is

A

Closely associated with sodium in maintaining osmotic pressure, regulating acid-base equilibrium and cell metabolism
Usually present in sufficient amounts if sodium requirement being met

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15
Q

Role of calcium

A

Important in formation of bones (99% of body’s calcium is retained in bones)
Muscle function and nerve transmission
Blood clotting

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16
Q

Source of calcium

A

Bone meals
Milk
Grains and meat are poor sources

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17
Q

Supplementation of calcium

A

Calcium supplementation for high-risk individuals
Vitamin D important in regulating absorption
Balance of Ca is important

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18
Q

Acute deficiency (hypocalcemia) causes and looks like

A

Usually seen in late pregnancy/early lactation
Late pregnancy, particularly sheep and small dogs with lots of foetuses
Early or rapidly rising lactation
Dairy cows after parturition
Small dogs with lots of pups
About 2-3 weeks post whelping
In all cases, going off feed also predisposes

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19
Q

What does the increase need for calcium do

A

Increased demand for calcium overcome the ability to maintain homeostasis
Body stores (bones) are adequate
Low plasma ionized Ca++
Calcium removal exceeds replacement from diet and bone
Especially likely when sudden increase in demand (e.g. onset of lactation) and reduced intake (bad weather)
Mobilization from bone cannot keep up

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20
Q

Signs of hypocalcemia

A

In ruminants hypocalcemia effects all types of muscle
Weakness and recumbency
In horses and dogs signs of increased nerve irritability dominate
Tetany and muscle stiffness (dogs)
Restlessness, aggression, whining (dogs)
Thumps (horse)

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21
Q

Prevention of hypocalcemia in cattle

A

Promote mobilization of calcium at calving
Avoid high Ca concentrations in prepartum ration
Alfalfa high in Ca
Grass hays, cereal silages, corn silages better
Anionic diets (dietary cation-anion balanced feeding systems-DCAB)
Acidic diets promote acidic-conditions
Increase effectiveness of Ca regulating hormones
Promotes calcium mobilization from cows bones
Ensure diet adequate in magnesium
Important in PTH secretion and activity
Activation of vitamin D

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22
Q

Prevention of hypocalcemia

A

High oral doses of Ca drive additional Ca absorption
Ca pastes given to cattle around the time of parturition
Ca supplements to high risk bitches

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23
Q

Chronic calcium deficiency causes

A

Bone stores reduced
Mild hypocalcemia, not usually severe enough to cause signs
osteomalacia/rickets
Most common causes are dietary insufficiencies of phosphorous or vitamin D
In growing animals, imbalance Ca/P
As bones mature at different rates, it is possible to see rickets and osteomalacia in the same animal

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24
Q

Calcium toxicity looks like

A

Some surplus Ca is excreted in urine
Especially in horses- gives white colour to urine
Excessive dietary Ca predisposes to urinary tones/crystals in horse and cats (Ca oxalate type)
As well as conditions that predispose to hypocalcemia
Calcium protects against struvite crystals in ruminants (MgNH4PO4)

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25
Q

Excess calcium in growing puppies can cause

A

Excess Ca in growing puppies can cause skeletal abnormalities
Absorb Ca passively through intestine
Vitamin D only plays role in regulation after about 10 months
Concern for breeders/owners supplementing large breed diets with Ca

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26
Q

Phosphorus role

A

Intricate relationship with calcium, important in healthy bones (86% of body’s phosphorus is retained in bones)
Cell membranes
Energy dispersement
DNA, RNA

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27
Q

Source of phosporus

A

Oilseeds
Grains
Wheat bran
Meat
Low concentrations in grasses and legumes

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28
Q

Supplementation of phosphorus

A

Balance with Ca is important

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29
Q

Chronic phosphorus deficiency caused by

A

Reduced food intake, production, weight loss
Post parturient hemoglobinuria in adult cattle

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30
Q

Skeletal issues with low phosphorus

A

Rickets/osteomalacia
Spontaneous features

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31
Q

Toxicity of phosphorus looks like

A

High levels predispose to urolithiasis
Especially if dietary Ca is low
May suppress absorption of calcium
Bone loss
The ratio of Ca:P is important for healthy growth
Between 1:1 and 1:3

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32
Q

Role of magnesium

A

Component of bone and intracellular fluids
Important in PTH secretion and activity (Ca homeostasis)
Nervous conduction and muscle contraction
Contributes to body’s general energy metabolism

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33
Q

magnesium deficiency can look like

A

Acute onset often related to hypocalcemia
Magnesium is required to PTH to work
Sudden onset of nervous signs
Tetany, convulsions, sudden death
Chronic signs are wasting/poor growth/anorexia

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34
Q

Toxicity of magnesium is cased by and looks like

A

Excess magnesium can predispose to uroliths
Struvite (Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate)
However, magnesium can inhibit the formation of other uroliths
Calcium oxalate
Urolith prevention diets were often restricted in Mg to slow down struvite formation, esp in cats
Has been shown that pH moderation is more effective prevention method
Meeting minimum Mg levels is considered safe

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35
Q

Source of magnesium

A

Bone
Oilseed
Unrefined grain and fiber

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36
Q

Supplementation of magnesium

A

Absorption affected by dietary levels of phosphorus, calcium, potassium, fat and protein
Certain drugs can increase renal wasting of Mg

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37
Q

Role of iron

A

Constituent of hemoglobin (pigment that transports oxygen in RBC) and myoglobin (does same job in muscles)
Enzymatic functions
Most abundant trace mineral (and vital for body function)

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38
Q

Source of iron

A

Liver
Meat and fish
Green vegetables
Mineral salts

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39
Q

Supplementation of iron

A

Rarely deficient in diet
Can be a problem in animals with blood loss anemia
Supplementation can help patient to regenerate and recover from anemia

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40
Q

Role of copper

A

Most of copper stored in liver
Facilitates intestinal absorption of iron
Promotes cellular oxidation
Synthesis of collagen in tendons and myelin in nervous system

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41
Q

Source of copper

A

Meat (lamb, port, duck)
Proteinaceous grains (peas, lentils, soy)

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42
Q

Supplementation of copper

A

Most economically important deficiency of cattle
Mineral salts

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43
Q

Copper deficiency is caused by what major factors

A

Deficiency is the result of the interplay of 3 major factors
Copper
Molybdenum
Sulfate

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44
Q

High dietary molybdenum and sulfate is caused by what

A

Prevent absorption of copper
Increase excretion of copper
High sulfates are a major problem with come Prairie water sources

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45
Q

Copper deficiency in young growing animals causes

A

Mainly cattle
Poor growth
Epiphysitis
Chronic mild lameness
Lightening of hair coat
Mild anaemia
Diarrhea if high molybdenum

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46
Q

Copper deficiency in adults causes

A

Failure to get pregnant (anestrus)
Downer cows in cattle

47
Q

Supplement with copper salts is used for

A

Ideally add trace minerals directly to diet
Can feed to cattle as a trace mineralized salt block
Variable and sometime inadequate copper content
Windsor trace mineralized salt: 330 ppm Copper
Can have a high copper ™ salt to help
Windsor ™ HI-Boot high copper zinc trace mineralized salt for cattle and horses: 4000 ppm copper
Placing salt blocks close to water source may increase intake

48
Q

Genetic mutation related to copper excretion

A

Can occur in Bedlington terriers, labs, Dalmatians
Results in excess copper build up in the liver
Treatment usually low copper diet and medical management

49
Q

Sheep and copper

A

Some sheep breeds and llamas are adapted to very low copper diets
Poisoned by amount of copper normally present in cattle diets
Low levels of molybdenum and sulfate in these diets also contribute
These prevent absorption and increase excretion of copper
Copper gradually accumulates in liver
When the limit is reached
Death of liver cells
Hemolytic anaemia

50
Q

Prevention of copper deficiency

A

Prevention- only feed special, low copper, sheep mineral mixes to sheep

51
Q

Role of selenium and vitamin E

A

Both work as antioxidants
Protects cells, esp cardiac and skeletal muscle

52
Q

Source of selenium and vitamin E

A

Mineral salts
Fish
Meat in lower quantities

53
Q

Supplementation of selenium and vitamin E

A

Typically a herd problem
Mineral blocks

54
Q

Selenium and vitamin E deficiency

A

Young ruminants and equids
Sudden onset myopathy
Stiff
Reluctant to move
Recumbent
Aspiration pneumonia
Susceptibility to infection

55
Q

Prevention of Selenium and vitamin E deficiency

A

Feed a selenium containing trace mineral
Give calves an injection of selenium-vitamin E at birth in known deficient areas
Greatly reduces calf mortality
Occasionally problem is VItamin E deficiency
Supplement with human 400 mg Vitamin E capsule

56
Q

Selenium and vitamin E toxicity

A

Problem with some selenium accumulating plants
Over-supplementation with selenium is possible
Acute: rapid cardiovascular collapse in horses and ruminants; poliomyelomalacia in pigs
Chronic: loss of hair on mane and tail, hoof deformities, decreased reproduction performance
Treatment generally unrewarding- prevention is key
Rarely seen
Because everyone is very careful not to over supplement?

57
Q

Iodine role

A

Helios synthesize thyroid hormones

58
Q

Sources of iodine

A

Sea salt
Fish
Common source for humans?

59
Q

Supplementation if iodine

A

Certain forages can interfere with iodine uptake
Oral supplementation

60
Q

What is goiter and what causes it

A

Goiter is an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland
Caused by too much or too little iodine

61
Q

What does an iodine deficiency in neonatal ruminants and foals look like

A

Goiter
Weak
Lethargy
Myxedema

62
Q

Iodine and hypothyroidism in cats

A

Relationship between iodine intake and cause of feline hyperthyroidism is unclear
Enlargement of the thyroid glands is typically caused by a non-cancerous tumor (rarely malignant tumor,ie thyroid adenocarcinoma)
Possible contributing factors include deficiencies or excesses of certain compounds in the diet and chronic exposure to thyroid-disrupting chemicals
Iodine requirements of cats not clearly defined
Prescription Diets for Hyperthyroid
Cats
Restricted amount of iodine (not iodin-free)
Diet is not medicated
Limits amount of thyroid hormone produced
Partially controls signs
For this diet to work, it needs to be fed exclusively

63
Q

Types of mineral supplementation

A

Direct added to food
Free choice mineral feeding
Works if there is salt in the mineral

64
Q

Direct mineral added to feed is

A

Whole diet or concentration portion
Can be mixed in or top dressed
Intake is assured as feed is eaten
Minerals mixed with no salt should always be top dressed or mixed with ration

65
Q

Free choice mineral feeding

A

Can be offered loos or as a block
Used for animals a pasture/fed hay
Relies on animal to seek out the mineral

66
Q

Mineral supplementation usually contain

A

Usually contain Ca and Pi source
1:1 Ca:P supplement for pasture
2:1 Ca:P ratio supplements are used when the feed contains little calcium
Other trace minerals
The big three
Copper, zinc, selenium
Iodine too in small ruminants

67
Q

Chelated minerals are

A

Trace mineral is an organic molecule
Better absorption
Useful if substances that inhibit absorption are present
E.g. sulfur and molybdenum which bind copper
Increase risk of toxicity
More expensive

67
Q

What should mineral blocks look like

A

Mineral blocks/mixes should be designed so that if eat for salt intake other macro and micro minerals delivered in correct proportions
Should only feed one type of block that contains all the required minerals

68
Q

Non-chelated minerals are

A

Requirements better understood
Inexpensive

69
Q

Fat soluble vitamins

A

A
D
E
K

70
Q

Water soluble vitamins

A

B
C

71
Q

Role of vitamin A

A

Vision – precursor to retinol
Reproduction – synthesis of certain hormones
Metabolism – synthesis of proteins
Skin & Hair – regulates growth of epidermal cells and production of sebum

72
Q

Source of vitamin A

A

Plant precursor is carotene, a vitamin A dimer (brightly colored plants rick in carotenoids)
Natural retinol sources are liver, meat, fish, eggs, dairy products

73
Q

Supplementation of vitamin A

A

All domestic species except cats split carotene into two molecules of Vitamin A in digestive tract
Cats require pre-formed Vitamin A

74
Q

Vitamin A deficiency can be caused by

A

Cows: stillbirths and abortions during winter following drought years
Drought conditions decrease the amount of carotene in plants, limits ability to obtain vitamin A
Head pressing, circling and other neuro sings
Growing cattle fed straw-grain diets for months
Straw is not an adequate source of energy, protein, minerals and vitamins
Need to be supplemented when using as winter feed
Blindness (permanent,, circlin, head pressing

75
Q

Prevention of vitamin A deficiency

A

Supplementation of at risk cows
Calves born with abnormalities are unlikely to benefit from vitamin supplementation at the time

76
Q

Vitamin A toxicity in cats

A

seen in cats fed large amounts of beef liver
Reduced growth
Soreness and sensitivity along neck and forelimbs
Skeletal malformations (bony exostoses) on radiographs
Poor hair coat, weakness, weight loss

77
Q

Treatment of vitamin A toxicity

A

Reduce Vitamin A intake by feeding nutritionally balanced diet
Excessive bone growth not reversible
Mobility and comfort may improve once levels normalize

78
Q

Vitamin D role

A

Calciferols are essential for absorption of calcium from GI tract
Increases intestinal absorption of Ca and P, optimizes Ca absorption from bone, reduces loss of Ca and P in urine

79
Q

Source of vitamin D

A

Growing plants contain precursor, converted to active vitamin D by sun
Fish liver oil, oil fish (sardines, tuna), egg yolk, milk and dairy products
Meat and vegetables almost completely lacking

80
Q

Vitamin D supplementation

A

Supplementation typically required
Routinely added to complete feeds and supplements
UV light exposure also a source
Reptiles require UV light

81
Q

Vitamin D deficiencies

A

Deficiencies typically associated with Ca/P deficiency

82
Q

Metabolic Bone Disease caused by vitamin D deficiency

A

Osteomalacia in adult animals
Rickets in growing animals
Weak bones, fractures
Calcium deposition along growth plates in young growing animals

83
Q

Vitamin D toxicity

A

Excessive supplementation
Too many Vitamin D injections to cows precalving (one dose helps prevent milk fever)
Too much vitamin supplement in feeds
Supplementation of large breed puppies on a balanced growth diet
Vitamin D containing rodenticides
Consumption of plants (horses) containing active vitamin D

84
Q

Vitamin D toxicity signs and physiological

A

Excess Vitamin D:
Elevates blood calcium and blood phosphate
See unnatural mineralization
In soft tissues including heart, walls of blood vessels and kidneys (failure)
Signs are weakness, reluctance to move, recumbency

85
Q

Vitamin E role

A

Biological anti-oxidant, works together with selenium
Stored in body’s fat tissues, in the liver and the muscles

86
Q

Source of vitamin E

A

Fresh green feeds
Some animal products, including liver, eggs, butter

87
Q

Supplementation of Vitamin E

A

Added to diets to stop fat from going rancid
As supplementation
Deficiency associated with selenium deficiency

88
Q

Vitamin K role

A

Cofactor of many enzymes; these enzymes cannot be active without Vitamin K
Required for production of blood clotting factors
Protein metabolism
Helps calcium bind to bone
Mainly stored in the liver

89
Q

Source of vitamin K

A

Meat
Vegetables, esp cabbage,
parsley and spinach
Intestinal bacterial

90
Q

Supplementation of vitamin K

A

Not typically added to foods
3 types:
Vitamin K1 - phylloquinone,
natural
Vitamin K2 - menaquinone,
natural
Vitamin K3 - menadione,
synthetic, less effective, more
toxic

91
Q

Vitamin K deficiency is seen when

A

Deficiency seen when animal ingests a poison that blocks its action
Warfarin (rodent killer)
Dicoumarol in spoiled sweet clover hay

92
Q

Signs of vitamin K deficiecny

A

Bleeding problems–bruising, petechiation, pallor, melena, hematochezia, hematomas
Weakness, lethargy, tachycardia

93
Q

Treatment of vitamin K deficiency

A

High doses of vitamin K1

94
Q

B vitamins are

A

A group of water soluble vitamins (12+)
Functions as co-enzymes
Body stores are low
Signs of deficiency can develop quickly. The exception is vitamin B12 which is very efficiently recycled in the body

95
Q

What does vitamin B deficiency look like and is caused by

A

Deficiency in your ruminant results in polioencephalomalacia
Caused by ruminal bacterial overgrowth destroying thiamine
High grain promote certain bacteria to proliferate, which produce thiaminase that breaks down thiamine
Additional thiamine needs to be added prior to canning process
Signs are anorexia, ataxia, cluster seizures, twitching, vestibular disease
Raw fish may contain thiaminase
Historically blamed for thiamine deficiency in cats

96
Q

Role of vitamin B1

A

Coenzyme for use of glucose to produce ATP
Concentrated in the heart, kidney, liver and brain

97
Q

Source of vitamin b1

A

Ruminal bacteria
Brewer’s yeast
Meat
Bran and Cereal

98
Q

Supplementation of vitamin B1

A

Especially important in cats
The requirement in cats is 3x that of dogs

99
Q

Role of vitamin B7

A

Catabolism of glucose, fatty acids and some amino acids
Essential to synthesis of other fatty acids
Important for healthy skin, coat and nervous system

100
Q

Source of vitamin B7

A

Made by intestinal bacteria
Yeasts, liver, kidney and cooked eggs

101
Q

Supplementation of B7

A

Dysbiosis can occur with
antibiotic use – see destruction of healthy flora as well as target bacteria
Supplementation may be
necessary in certain conditions

102
Q

Vitamin B12 role

A

Coenzyme in many biochemical reactions
Primary role in synthesis of proteins and production of red blood cells

103
Q

Source of B12

A

Synthesized by ruminal bacterial, absorbed in small intestines
Monogastrics make B 12 in large intestine (poor absorption)
Animal products – liver, kidneys, meat

104
Q

Supplementation of B12

A

Very efficiently recycled
Injection may be needed to
help treat anemia

105
Q

B12 deficiency looks like

A

Deficiency signs include anemia and, in ruminants only, ketosis
Cobalt is required for ruminal microbes to synthesize vitamin B12
Also essential for utilization of propionic acid
Therefore, in cobalt deficiency, can see both B12 deficiency and ketosis secondary to utilizing propionix acid to make glucose

106
Q

Riboflavin helps with

A

Riboflavin (B2 )
* Contributes to animal’s skin and coat health
* Essential in production of energy from fat, and catabolism of amino acids

107
Q

niacin is good for

A
  • Helps body produce energy from fat and sugars
  • Promotes synthesis of skin lipids
108
Q

panthothenic acid/pathothenate is good for

A

Pantothenic acid / pantothenate (B 5 )
* Involved in metabolic reactions to produce energy for the cells
* Promotes synthesis of skin lipids

109
Q

Pyridoxine (B6) is good for

A
  • Coenzyme that plays role in
    different metabolic reactions, esp that of amino acids
110
Q

Folic acid is good for

A
  • Development of tissues of the nervous system
  • Fetus works like a folic acid pump and deficiency can develop if mother not receiving enough
111
Q

Role of vitamin C

A

Neutralizes free radicals
Permits the regeneration of Vitamin E
Metabolizes iron

112
Q

Source of vitamin C

A

Fruits! Esp citrus fruits, beries, kiwis and strawberries
In dogs and cats, synthesized in the liver from glucose

113
Q

Vitamin C supplementation

A

Only required in primates, guinea pigs and fruit bats
Can be a problem if not fed fruits and vegetables
Synthesized by all other species

Nutrition (8 decks)

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