work, leisure and globalisation Flashcards
significance of work as a source of identity
gini - what we do is what we’ll become - eg pay, pension funds, hours working
bourdieu - marxism - social class shaped by occupation
parker - work, identity and leisure closely connected - job influences leisure choices
parker’s 3 links
opposition - hostility to work eg mining - opposition to work leisure - escapism
neutrality - boring routine work - eg routine office - leisure for relaxation eg gardening
extension - high levels of personal commitment - managers - work-related eg golf with business contacts
parker eval
ignores influence of factors other than work in shaping identity and leisure activities eg gender, ethnicity and social class - deterministic
scraton and bramham - ignores other forms of unpaid work eg housework - for women - this restricts opportunities
lack of work identity
durkheim - people experience anomie - state of normlessness or insecurity arising from rapid change eg redundancy
gini - lack of work rips away anchors of adult life
riach and loretto - work provides self-esteem - losing job affect personal lives - losing friends, stigmatised label
work is important for identity
Doherty
work is not as insecure as suggested - long-term employment in both full-time and part-time employment has risen in the UK
- evidence of upskilling where level of qualifications required has risen
- high levels of job satisfaction
marxism - bourdeiu - social class
gini
riach and loretto
parker
not important for identity
postmodernism - identity now gained through consumption - work is now just a means to an end
Bauman - when work ceases to be central axis of identity - new focus on consumption
Roberts - choice is more important than work for leisure and identity
Radical feminists - many women work part-time - work not important source of identity
now insecure - losing jobs more than any period previously
increasing in technology led to deskilling
structural views on identity
work is separate from leisure
work and social position are major influences on identity
leisure and consumption determined by structures of society
HOWEVER - structuralists cannot agree which factor more important determinant of consumption and leisure
postmodernists - structural views are outdated and fail to recognise disposable income increased
marxist views on identity
social class key influence on identity
increase in consumerism benefits r/c - false needs - keep in state of false consciousness
adorno - mass consumption and leisure has led to passive working class who lose their abilities to make critical choices
HOWEVER - pm - disposable income increased among all social groups - blurring distinctions between class - consumption and leisure more available to everyone
feminist views on identity
gender key influence on our identity and how we spend money - green et al
- domestic role, dominance of men, fear of attack, patriarchal ideology
women have less disposable income
pm - disposable income increase - blurs lines between gender
pm views on identity
lyotard - grand theories or meta narratives no longer explain identities
identities more fluid and constantly changing
identity defined by consumption and leisure
social groups fragmented - boundaries blurred
roberts -we choose our leisure time - unlimited choice
bocock - consumption is important - what we buy forms identity
HOWEVER - inequalities between social positions continue and therefore continue to affect our
identities and the choices available to us
marxists argue the w/c do not have time or money to form identity with consumption and leisure
marxist - clarke and critcher - leisure has become a highly organised and commercialised multinational industry concerned with making profit
consumption and leisure - social patterns - gender
women increasing economic independence - disposable income
significant target marker for consumption and leisure
leading to the emergence of ladette culture where women drink and party like men
feminists - women’s consumption and leisure continue to be defined by gender
consumption and leisure - social patterns - gender - key study
Deem - milton keynes
women’s leisure combined with aspects of childcare
patriarchal control restricted women’s leisure opportunities to those approved by male partners
evidence that men tend to view shopping as a chore
consumption and leisure - social patterns - sexuality
gay subculture are focused around consumption and leisure - pink pound
subcultures targeted by clubs and bars
gay men increasingly targeted by male beauty products
consumption and leisure - social patterns - ethnicity
cultural choices of leisure activities depending on ethnic group eg muslims avoid alcohol
some activities restricted by racism - golf is a white man’s game
may use products of culture industries as a way of reflecting their resistance to racism
ethnic groups represented in sports, music
unemployment higher - limits their leisure choices
asian women more likely to be restricted to home-based activities because of culturally defined role
HOWEVER - younger british-born people from minority ethnic groups are less constrained by their parents’ culture
consumption and leisure - social patterns - age
cult of youth - dominates fashion and leisure industries
resistant subcultures incorporated by global manufactures
young people - more likely to pick n mix
virtual youth - gaming
have more disposable income
HOWEVER - parker - the mass media has led to infantilised adults and adultised children - less difference between age groups
