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Sociology 1027B > Work and Rationalization reading > Flashcards

Work and Rationalization reading Flashcards

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Sociology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is rationality

A

Rationality - the scientific understanding and processes oriented toward rational goals

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2
Q

_______ focused on the rise of rationality

A

weber

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3
Q

Weber argues that prior to the enlightenment we lived in an ________ world

what does he mean by this

A

enchanted

People has very little understanding of why natural events occurred (eg. sun rotated around earth, or zeus throwing lightning when pissed of)

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4
Q

the _______ also know as the ____ __ _______ was a period in europ when logic and evidence began to be used to make sense of the world

what resutled form this

A

The Enlightenment (“Age of Reason”) = period in europe when logic and evidence began to be sussed to make sense of the world

result:
Decline in religion’s role in society
People looked to science

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5
Q

Weber coined the _________ of the world

A

disenchantment

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6
Q

rationalisation envolves a way of solving problems using what 4 main factors

A
  1. Predictability - repetition with same results
  2. Calculability - quantification
  3. Efficiency - best means to end
  4. Control - advanced certainty of outcomes
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7
Q

We live longer healthier lives because of rationalisation, but it still comes with downsides
weber argues what downsides

A

disillusionment - as the world becomes less enchanted, it becomes less meaningful to people

Creativity is absent from mass-produced consumer goods and the worker is unable to express individuality

Spontaneity is taken away when we are aiming for efficiency

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8
Q

________ is a prototype of rationalisation and the french word for desk

A

bureaucracy

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9
Q

bureaucracy is essentially a ________ made of _________

A

machine made of humans

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10
Q

these are the 6 core features of bureaucracy

  1. Based on ________
  2. ________ chain of command
  3. Clear, formal ________ of ________
  4. Dominated by technical ___________
  5. __________ decision making
  6. Staffed by _____-______, _________ employees
A
  1. Based on hierarchy
  2. Vertical chain of command
  3. Clear, formal divisions of labour (one job only)
  4. Dominated by technical qualification (degrees n shit)
  5. Impersonal decision making (based on xp not on personal relationships)
  6. Staffed by full-time, salaried employees
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11
Q

what are some up sides of rationalisation

A

Allows us to produce a wider range of goods and services

Makes them available to a larger portion of populations

Goods are convenient and sheep alternatives to higher-priced customized goods

Allows us to creates goods od uniform quality and to provide a sense of familiarity and stability for the consumer

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12
Q

ccording to Ritzer, McDonaldization is characterized by four dimensions what are they

A

efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control.

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13
Q

efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control. refer to what in mcdonaldization

A

Efficiency refers to the use of the most efficient means to achieve a specific goal

calculability refers to the emphasis on quantifiable aspects such as speed, size, and cost

predictability refers to the standardization of products and services

and control refers to the replacement of human judgment with non-human technology or rules.

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14
Q

standardized testing in education is an example of ________ in mcdonalization

A

caclulbility

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15
Q

the use of fast-food-style assembly lines in healthcare is an example of _________ in mcdonalization

A

efficiency

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16
Q

the monitoring of employees through technology is an example of ________ in mcdonalization

A

control

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17
Q

the production of formulaic Hollywood movies is an example of _________ in mcdonalization

A

predictability

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18
Q

what are some beneifts of mcdonalization

A

increased efficiency, convenience, and affordability of goods and services

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19
Q

what are some drawbacks to mcdonaldization

A

homogenization, loss of creativity, and dehumanization of social interactions

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20
Q

does ritzer think we should try to stop rationalization

A

no

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21
Q

what are some benifits of rationalization

we can produce a ______ of ______ goods

make them ________ to a more ppl

the goods are _________ and ____

allows us to create goods of ________ quality

the goods provide a sens of ________ and _______ for the consumer

A

we can produce a range of wider goods

make them available to a more ppl

the goods are convinient and cheap

allows us to create goods of uniform quality

the goods provide a sens of familiarity and stability for the consumer

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22
Q

people staying at a bed and breakfast instead of a large hotel chain is an example of what

A

buisnesses that are not McDonaldized

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23
Q

what is the irrationationality of rationality

give an exmaple

A

rationalized systems can create negative outcome

McDonalds produces waste, poor health outcomes

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24
Q

the irrationality of rationality can also be seen in the fact that rationalized systems are sometimes _______ which leads to ______ effects

A

unreasonable

negative

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25
Q

bureaucracies involve a lot of _____ _____ - an exessive adherance to formal rules hat hinders the functioning of orgnizations

A

red tape

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26
Q

unecessaryily long approval processes disproportionate to the significane of the matter are examples of

A

red tape

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27
Q

McDonaldization aims to make consumer lives easier yet …..?

A

rationalises systems are partly based on asking the consumers to do more of the labour originally assigned to workers

eg. checking out your own groceries

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28
Q

_______ are products that have some monetary values, are standardized, and are mass-produced by many different producers

A

commodities

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29
Q

give some examples of comodities

A

clothing, cars and food

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30
Q

what is commodification

A

the transofrmtion of what is noramlly a non-commonity into a comodity - the assigning of monetary value

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31
Q

why is bottled water a comodity

A

was not seens as a comodity (something we could get for free) and it is now monetary (something bought and sold)

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32
Q

______ can be commodified - reducing ideas, custome and behaviors into items and can be bought and sold

A

culture

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33
Q

diamonds being seen as a way to show devotion is an example of

A

the commodification of love

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34
Q

the clevland indians are an example of

A

indegenous symbols being comodified

35
Q

emile durnkheim was a ______ _______ who arugues early societies were based on ________ _______

A

structural functionalist

mechanical solidarity

36
Q

mechanical solidarity is what

A

when each unit (family) provided for its own production and consuption needs, and units could survive in isolation from one another

37
Q

in a society based on mechanical solidarity a family did not need to ______ on anyone else to make _______ or ______ it with services

A

rely

goods

provide

38
Q

how were mechanical solidarity societies held together

A

shared sense of cocllective consiousness, shared beliefs and sentiments - created solidarity

39
Q

in modern society we have no ________ ________ - people are all different and hold diff beliefs

A

collective conscienceness

40
Q

modern societies had increased _________ of __________, more _________ tasks and activities

A

dividions of labour
specialized

41
Q

modern societies need eachother to survive, people and dissimilar and specialized, they are based on _________ __________

A

organic solidarity

42
Q

if DOL is split into more specialized tasks we can hire _______ _______ labour to perform them

A

cheaper unskilled

43
Q

no one worker is instrumental to the entire facotry which means

A

if one person quits or leaves, its easy to replace them

44
Q

high DOL is an ______- and ________ way of making products

A

efficient and cheap

45
Q

scientific managment is also known as ________ named after the person to who developed it

A

taylorsims

frederick taylor

46
Q

taylorism applies _______ princeples and methos to labour management and involves creating _______ in the labour process

A

scientific

divisions

47
Q

how does taylorism rationalise work

A

making more efficient by deviding it into smaller and smaller tasks

48
Q

Ford developed the modern method of -_____ ________, in particular the _________ ___________

A

mass productions

assembly line

49
Q

_______ developed scientific management - aslo known as ______

A

taylor

taylorism

50
Q

taylorism applies ________ principles and methods to labour managment and involdes creating _________ in the labour process

A

scientific

divisions

51
Q

what is the goal of taylorism

A

make things more efficient by breaking tasks down into smaller and smaller tasks

52
Q

_______ helped refines taylorism ideas

A

Ford

53
Q

Ford developed the modern methos of _____ production, as well as _______ _______

A

mass
assembly lines

54
Q

ford practised two main princeples of scientific management

1 - the ________ of products
2 - the use of ________ ______

A

standardization

specialized equiptment

55
Q

using scientific managemtn products are no longer ______

A

unique/handmande

56
Q

increased _____ and ______ are the two main benifits of scientific management

A

efficiency
productivity

57
Q

scientific management systems of work have led to __________ whereby equiptment is run with minimal or reduced human activity

A

automation

58
Q

what is the beneift of automation

A

it saves labour - as a result, money for buisness owners
can help improve the quality and percision of the labour process

59
Q

downsides to automation

A

can lead to a loss of jobs
changes nature of the work for those who remain on the assembly line - who now are just working with machines

60
Q

___________ can be a company moving their manufacturing division, telephone call centre, or their entire buisness to another country in attempt to save money - an implication of scientific management

A

outsourcing

61
Q

taylor had a ______ view towards the worker - seeing them as only a cog in the machine

A

negative

62
Q

_______ feared the effect of these labour chanfes on the worker
admitting it is productive, he noted that capitalism as a problem as it distored the process of work - something that should be ______ and _____

A

marx
creative
enjoyable

63
Q

in what ways does capitalism distort labour acc to marx

A
  1. transforms social and collective activities into a process that is about purusing one’s own interests
  2. workers create wealth through their labour and produced goods but only recive a small amout of the profit
  3. as the division in jobs increase, more surplus is created for capitalists, but the production process becomes less enjoyable
  4. separates workers from the product they make, the production prosedd and other workers (alientation)
64
Q

what is alientation in reguards to capitalism and marx

A

no creative control
no control over how they work
separated from toehrs by assembly lines
alienated form themselves becayse the process of work becomes roytine and exploitative

65
Q

what three objective did “patterns and stratification of stressor exposure among canadian works” have

A
  1. identif work stressor patterns and examine how they are distributed across groups of workers
  2. examine which occupationa locations expose people to stressors and to what extent exposure relate to class, gender, age, race etc
  3. how patterns of work stressors relte to delf-reported high overall work stress
66
Q

what were the most common stressors in “patterns and stratification of stressor exposure among canadian works” (#)

A

repetitive tasks, hectic env, conflicting demans

67
Q

in “patterns and stratification of stressor exposure among canadian works” what people are most likely to experience all stressors

A

less educated, lower income, female and middle-aged workers

68
Q

________-_______ workers are most liekly to experience a multitude of stressors

A

blue-collar

69
Q

the canadian econ has 3 major sectors of work

name and explain

A

primary - extracts or harvests resources (eg. farming)
secondairy - manufactured finished goods (eg. manufacturing)
tetiary - the service industry, including services to individuals and buisnesses (entertainment, hospitality, etc)

70
Q

although the _______ sector of the economy employs the most canadians, is tends to have some of the lowest paying jobs

A

tertiary

71
Q

in “wage gap in student summer earning” what did they find

A

girls working full-time make 3 dollars less than boys - wage gap starts early

girls overrepresented in caring roles, boys in physical ones

72
Q

_______ ________ is work for renumeration characterized by uncertainty, low income, and minited social benifits and staturoty entitlements

A

precarious employment

73
Q

pracious labour gives companies _____ _____ over their workers
compaies are able to ______ and _____ because people are easily _______ with the type of work done

A

full control
hire and fire
replacable

74
Q

how is precarious work bad

A

harmful economicallt, socially and had health effects

many canadians working precarious jobs are working multiple and still living close to the poverty line

75
Q

what is emotional labour

A

the emotional management sone by workers and a process of commodifying semotional displays at work - the result of work that involves direct contact with the public

76
Q

through the process of emotional labour, workers must _______their own _______to achieve the desired ______ on _______

A

control their own feelings to achieve the desired effect on others

77
Q

________ performed a study on emotional labour of flight attendant

A

Hoschild

78
Q

Hochschild argues that emotional labour leads service workers to become _______ from _______ anf their own ______ in the workplace

A

alienated from themselves and their own emotions

79
Q

this chater focuses on Weber’s theroay of _______ in modern society and examines the rise of ________ as a prototype of this process

A

rationalizatio

bureaucracies

80
Q

______ built on weber’s theory by applying it to the ideas of rationalization to the developement of _________

A

Ritzer

Mcdonaldization

81
Q

a byproduct of rationalization is the increased _________ of many element of our lives, from labour to love

A

commodification

82
Q

________ discussed the increased division of labour over time

A

Durkheim

83
Q

the DOL discussed by durkheim is seen as a process of ______ _______, developed by ______ and _____

according to ______this cna leace to feelings of alientation

A

scientific management

taylor and ford

marx

Sociology 1027B (10 decks)

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