Chapter 12 - Health Flashcards
World Health organisation (WHO) defines health as “a state if complete physical, mental and social _____-_____”
health is more than just _______
well-being
phusical
differentiate between acute and chronic illness
Acute illness - severe and begin quickly (eg breaking your arm)
Chronic illness - slower to develop ( eg asthma)
_______ _______ - state of well-being in which every individual realises their own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to their community”
mental health
______ _______ healthy amount of social integration into society
social health
Mental Health on Campus:
Males make up a little less than half of those experience this but make up proportionally _____ that go to counselling
why?
less
Maintaining a masculine appearance often stops males from seeing mental health help
Medical doctors focus on the immediate causes of illnesses, sociologists focus on what
sociologists focus on the social causes of disease
how diif groups of ppl come to have diff health outcomes
Try to find larger social solutions to health issues in a population
Eg - pooper ppl tend to have worse health than richer ppl
Parsons was interested in how ppl who are ill work to minimise the disruptive impact of illness in the _____ _____
sick role
whats the sicl role
- someone suffering from sickness has their own set of rights and responsibilities - dictates that those who are sick have privileges as well as obligations associated with their illness.
what are the three main parts to the sick role
- Not held responsible for their poor health
- Entitled to certain rights and privileges - release from normal responsibilities
- Expected to take sensible steps to to regain health
what are some criticisms of the sick role (3)
- Hard to tell when someone is allowed to take on the sick role (eg mental health vs. broken leg)
- Who has the power to deem who is sick and who is not is not clear
3.How the definition of the sick role changes of time anc cultures
what are social determanants of health
larger social factors that shape the kind of lives we lead and the health of those lives
Conditions in which we are born, raises, where we live, work
are shaped by what
social determinants of health shaped haped on the local, national and global level by distribution of money and power
unequal distribution = poor health
the semi circle of social determinants of health displayes what
the most immediate factors affecting health, to the most general
the semi circle of social determinants of health
what is in the middle,/most immediate
age, sex, genetics
the semi circle of social determinants of health
what is the second most immediate
individual lifestyle factors
the semi circle of social determinants of health
what is the third most immediate
Social and community networks - do u have friends
the semi circle of social determinants of health
what is the fourth most immediate
Social determinants related to living and working conditions (work environment, education, agriculture and food production)
the semi circle of social determinants of health
what is the most general factor affecting health
General economic, cultural and environmental conditions
Living in a country with greater inequality bet rich and poor tend to have pooper health
Even rich are healthier in more equal countries, not necessarily that just the poor are better off in more equal countries
is does the most generak factor of the social determinants of health (General economic, cultural and environmental conditions) have an impact
more equal societies there is less crime + violence - good for all ppl
Does where you live shape your risk of getting COVID-19
Visible minorities more likely to contract covid
Neighbourhoods in canada with more visible minorities (25% or more) had mortality rates two times higher than other communities
In provinces harder hit, this number increased
where is the global epicentre of Tuberculosis (the most deadly infectious disease)
india
how does TB affect India
Costly in death and the economy for india
Effects ppl who are of age to be in the workforce causing unemployment and decreasing productivity
Govvy works to fight this with programs but they’re hard to access, and the mds are expensive, and there is stigma behind diagnosis
what is the bidirectional relationship between tuberculosis and poverty. WHY
Poverty sustains TB and TB ensures poverty
Why? Tb is more likely to spread in poor housing conditions
the opioid crisis and covid can be seen in what two ways
personal troubles and public issues
COVID-19 mortality rates were 2 times higher in areas with high “_____ _______” populations
visible minority
How does race, class, gender, age, disability, language affect how our bodies are perceived and treated during COVID-19?
dismissing and minimising concerns of patients who are Black, Indigenous, women of colour is prevalent in healthcare system
1 in 5 Asian healthcare workers in Manitoba experienced racism in the first months of the pandemic
Canadian life expectancy has increased over time because of
improvement in the health system (eg. infant mortality decrease) but not everyone benefits
what are health disparirities
the differences in health status across groups linked to socioeconomic or environmental conditions
How do we measure health? (4)
Life expectancy - avg number of years a pop is expected to live
Healthy life expectancy - the average number of healthy years one can expect to live if current patterns of death and illness remain the same
ANOTHA ONE - assess the number of physically and mentally unhealthy days an individual or group has per month
Chronic disease prevalence - a measure of how common chronic disease are across a group of people
_________ shapes educational opportunities and outcomes, jobs and work xp, personalities, traits encouraged by parents
class
Eg. smoking, mental health issues, hospitalisation ect is greater in lower income earners
Health indicators improving overall for canadians, but not for everyone - who doesnt
poorer canadians have worse health outcomes overall and seeing less improvement in health overall over time
Class affects ________’s health in particular - have better environment and resources
children `
Wealth of a country as a whole aslo affects the health risk of its citizens in what way
Wealthier countries have healthy populations
Healthcare systems are expensive to develop and maintain
why is being wealthy country is not enough to ensure longer lives
Countries with lower gini coefficients (more equality) have longer life expectancy
eg , US is a rich ass country with only a moderate life expectancy… why? Its an unequal country
why is education a health determinant (3)
Related to social class and income
Higher education tends to = higher social class and make more money
Education tends to improve ability to understand health info
Education increases feelings of efficacy - the belief that you can change things around you
More likely to change health behaviours when needed
why are race and ethnicity a health determinant
- Racism and discrimination
Affects access to health care system - treated differently - Relationship between ethnicity and health outcomes is partly shaped by social class
They tend to be lower class - we know this affects health outcomes
Systemic racism and discrimination can contribute to trigher rates of _____ ______
because of what
health conditions
limited access to healthcare and health food options
First nations, inuit and metis communities have a sorter life expectancy
why
Racism as a result of colonial legacies
Lower social class
Poor housing conditions (on reserve especially)
Access to safe and clean water
Limited access to healthcare in rural communities
Food prices and food insecurity more prevalent in remote communities
gender is a determinant of health
_____ tend to live longer, why
women
Less likely to die after birth than boys
Socialisation differences
Boys encouraged to be more aggressive and take more risks - thus more likely to die from accidents and shit
Despite living longer on average, women report poorer health
why?
The longer you live the more likely you are to get old when most health issues occur
Traditional views of masculinity and femininity affect how men and women use the ______ ______
______ are less likely to go to the doctors
health system
men
Transgender people have barriers to health
why
For reasons from of lack of knowledge on trans issues to refusal of care
Obesity: intersectionality in Health Inequalities
what causes obesity
Both individual and social causes - not just biological
who is more liekly to be overwhight
men
less educated
less income
old
how had the relation between obesity and social class changed over time
Skinny used to = poor
Fet used to = luxury
Not the opposite cause cheaper foods are less healthy
Changes highlight the social construct of the ‘healthy’ body
what larger social reasons also account for the rising rates of obesity
Most people’s jobs don’t involve physical activity - more time sitting
Rise of technology - more time sitting
As a public issue - what we can do to fight obesity
More phys ed in schools
More healthy food options in schools
More parks and gyms in cities
Laws that fast-food restaurants have to show calories, cant use trans-fats, have to pay unhealthy food tax
The Health Gap:
___________ leads to heart disease, or _________ clture protects from heart disease
Fatty diets are culprit
americanization, japanese
The Health Gap:
The ______________ ___________is mirrored by/maps the health patterns; those at the bottom the least healthy, those are the top are the most
bureaucratic hierarchy
_______ ______ ______- the organisations of people, resources, and institutions that provide and deliver health care to a population
hwalth care system
what is socialized medicine vs no socialized
Socialised medicine - the govvy owns and operates most medical facilities and employs most doctors
Non socialised - people personally pay
is canada socialized for no socialized medicine, how does it work
Middle ground - govvy pays portion
Canada has socialised insurance single-player system
the govvy pays doctors and hospitals according to a schedule of fees set annually by govvy
Doctors are private practitioners said on a fee-per-service basis
5 standards for health care in canada
- universality
- accessibility
- Comprehensive coverage
- Portability (anywhere)
- Public administration (non-for profit)
_____ ______ - the decisions and action that are undertaken to a achieve specific health care goals within a health care system
health policy
_________ A mental or physical condition that limits a person’s daily activities and restricts what they can do
disability
Eg. using ‘people with disability’ instead of ‘disabled people’ focuses on the people rather than them being defined by their disability
what is this an example of
the people first philosophy
what is the people first philosophy
Eg. using ‘people with disability’ instead of ‘disabled people’ focuses on the people rather than them being defined by their disability
__________ is discrimination against people who have a cognitive or physical disability on the basis of stereotypes about their limitations
ableism
why is studing disabilities important
Disability is related to health inequalities
Countries have diff policies for addressing the various concerns of groups that experience disabilities (such as the CRPD)
what does CRPD stand for \ what is it
United nations convention of rights of persons
A list signed by most countries of rights that ppl with disabilities have and how the state should work to protect these rights
_______ ___________ is one way of describing social arrangements that put individuals and populations in harm’s way.
structural violoence
what does the “structural” in structural violence refer to, and “violence”
The arrangements are structural because they are embedded in the political and economic organisation of our social world.
They are violent because they cause injury to people.
Richest quintile life expectancy: ____ years
Poorest quintile life expectancy: _____ years
(cananada)
70
63
_________ have longer life expectancies, report poorer health
____________ more likely to die in childhood from accidents and violence
____________ individuals have higher rates of unmet health needs
women
men
transgender
Indigenous populations face what distinct inequalities shaped by colonialism
Poorer housing conditions (crowding, poor ventilation)
Geographical access to healthcare (remote locations)
Food prices and insecurity (access to fresh fruit & veg, traditional food resources)
Access to safe and clean water.
the _________ lens can uncritically justify unequal power relations in healthcare, or it can support the value of public health.
functionalist lens
the _______ lens Examines social inequalities as reflecting unequal distributions of power and resources
conflict lens
what lens is associated with the sick role
functionalism
_______ lens would be critical of
Big Pharma, but the substance of
that critique can be more or less
sophisticated
conflict
how does ableism extend as a public issue
The way society is structured to favour able-bodied people
Being ignored, invisibilized, marginalized
Treatment of accommodation as an inconvenience or “extra” task
how does climate change affect community health
extreme heat - can lead to health conditions like heat stroke
storms and flooding - puts people at immediate risk of health risks + risk of ifection from water n shit - mental toll too
air quality
diseases spread by insects, rodents and ticks
Some of the most ________ and the most ________ issues are implicated with social determinants for health.
individual, social
what is the “promise” of sociology is that we can collectively do things about these issues!
Prediction & prevention
Effective crisis responses
Envisioning healthier ways of living with one another
