Gender at the intersections Flashcards
_____ is a a biological identity and can be divided into the main categories of male and female
Based on perceived biological differences
sex
gender is a ______ concept referring to the entire array of _____ patterns we _____ with men and women in society
social, social
associate
Transgender - a persons whose sense of personal identity and _____ does not correspond with their birth _____
genser, sex
Transgender (or trans) umbrella - encompasses the variety of different _______ _______ and ______ _______ in modern society
gender identities
sexual expressions
______ _____ - are one set of roles that we perform in society
gender roles
gender is not something you are born with, it is constructed through _________’s ________
individual’s performances
who did the dramaturgical perspective and what did he say about it
goffman
We are actors on the stage of life performing our genders through our clothes, mannerisms, and behaviours
in Goffman’s dramaturgical perspective what is front vs back stage
“Front stage” individuals perform for other
“Back stage” individuals do not need to perform
Judith ______ argues that all gender is created and sustained through _________
butler, performances
as explained by _______, what is performativity
while it appears that our gender is just a natural part of who we are, Butler argues that we create gender through our actions and interactions
butler said that labeling people as male and female is overly ________
Binary composition of only two sexes also encourages us to __________ ppl in other unnecessarily ways
restrictive
categorize
Micheal Messner’s Cost of Masculinity says that While we usually focus on the downfalls of being a woman, society also has restrictive ideas of what
he outlines the _____ of masculenity (give an example)
what being a man is
rules
examples:
men must avoid feminine things like romcoms
Success is expected
Expected to show little emotion and to be aggressive
Gender and Education - “Brilliant or Bad: The Gendered Social Construction of Exceptionalism in Early Adolescence”:
The socialisation in curriculums and in the general education system is highly ______
Michela Musto focused on this in ______ schools
______ outperform ______ in most areas of education
gendered
middle
girls, boys
Gender and Education - “Brilliant or Bad:
________ towards girls persists
Boys associated with greater ______ and social ______
Boys perceived as more _______ overall by parents, teachers and media
Women participate less in fields where ‘ _____ ______’ is integral (math, philosophy, etc)
inequality
competency, social esteem
intelligent
raw intelligence
Gender and Education - “Brilliant or Bad:
Gender and Education - “Brilliant or Bad:
To identify the processes by which educators differential _______ to boys ______-________ by course level produces gender differences in students perceptions of _________
How ______ intersected with gender when shaping student’ perceptions of ________
To identify the processes by which educators differential responses to boys rule-breaking by course level produces gender differences in students perceptions of intelligence
How race intersected with gender when shaping student’ perceptions of intelligence
Gender and Education - “Brilliant or Bad:
Interactions push the narrative that boys are more competent and of higher social esteem - this starts at __________
childhood/classroom
Gender and Education - “Brilliant or Bad:
Teachers quicker to ________ girls
Formal age separation encourages student to enter into gendered ________ groups
However, for _____’s in ______ income urban schools, girls are seen as academically superior to boys, boys are more harshly criticised
dicipline
friend
POC, low`
Gender and Education - “Brilliant or Bad:
From kindergarten to college, boys are seen as academically superior
Women are well represented in ______ level courses
From kindergarten to college, boys are seen as academically superior
Women are well represented in higher level courses
Feminism - concerned with _____ between men and women
How gender __________ and women’s gender ________ are constructed + reconstructed
equality
inequality, roles
what is first wave feminism
19th century and mostly centered in countries like canada, us, uk
Focused on ‘de jure’ inequalities - part of legal and political system
Womens right to vote, hold property
what is second wave feminism
Broadened beyond political and legal rights - seeked change on issues including equality in workplace and reproductive rights
Women moved into traditionally male dominated professions (like military)
Violence against women - seual abuse, sexual violence, spousal abuse
Passed martial rape laws, established rape crisis, etc
what is thrid wave feminsim
1990’s - now - more inclusive towards women of diff racial, ethnic, religious, class and sexual orientations
Challenges the essentialist nature of second wave feminisms idea of what it means to be a woman
Less political and social rights, more cultural arenas
Challenging gender depictions in media, sexist language, genered norms etc
what is liberal feminsim
Came as direct response to a traditional culture that viewed women as “naturally” less physically capable than men (also seen in 1st and 2nd wave of feminism)
Oppressive and discriminatory beliefs oppress women
Seeks changes through institutional means to promote equality
Voting (suffrage movement), repealing discriminatory laws, policies to prevent sexual harassment, etc
what is radical feminism? what do they say
direct response to a traditional culture that viewed women as “naturally” less physically capable than men
Oppressive and discriminatory beliefs oppress women
Seeks changes through institutional means to promote equality
Voting (suffrage movement), repealing discriminatory laws, policies to prevent sexual harassment, etc
what is radical feminism
Women shouldn’t be included in the patriarchal system - we need to change the social
institutions/system altogether
Family and church institutions
Ideologies surrounding reproduction and sexuality
Eg - decoupling sex from marriage
what is marxist social feminism? what other types of feminism do they question
Questions radical and liberal feminism
Women cannot experience true liberation in existing institutions (lib fem) or changes in cultural understandings of ses and sexuality (rad fem) alone
Main obstacle - class-based societies where the powerful few get the wealth created by many (small group of powerful men)
Capitalism impedes women’s liberation and equality - we need to overthrow it
what type of feminism critisized marxist, liberal and radical? what else do they say
intersectional feminism
portray image of universal womanhood when not all women are the same (black queer women need diff things than straight white women)
Recognizes the differences in women dependent on their intersectionality
Relates to 3rd wave feminism
___________ is The study of how various dimensions of inequality can combine - product of ___rd wave fem
intersectionality
3rd
intersectionality was coined by _____ _____ using what metaphore
Coined by Kimberly Kremshawe - using metaphor
Discrimination is a like an accident at a traffic light - caused by cars travelling from a number of directions
kremshawe studied a group of black women in the US who filed for _________ discrimination
explain
She studied a group of black women in the US who filed for workplace discrimination
All the women were fired during layoffs
Judge said that since no black men were fired, and no white women were fired, there was no gender or race discrimination
They were fired due to intersectionality - and it was invisible
_______ was criticised for being gender blind towards its influence on inequality
explain
Marx criticised for being gender blind towards its influence on inequality
The struggle between capitalist and workers assumes men and women are equal in these positions, they’re not
Women are exploited in family institutions - not only by the capitalist system, but by their spouses in the home
Gender relations are reinforced in __________ such as sports
intsitutions
Sports are a social institution and are highly gendered - explain the micro and the macro
Micro - the languages is gendred (eg. sportsmen or “runs like a girl”)
Macro - gender-unequal - men earn way more, and are given more media
explain how work intsitutions are gendered in 2 ways
Gender concentrations in certain higher paying jobs
Work can have gendered terms (like “nurturing” attributed to women, and “nurturing” jobs such as elementary school teacher pay less as compared to professor wages which as less nurturing)
what is feminization of an occupational sphere
when an occupations becomes dominated or associated with women
“Pink collar”
