Gender at the intersections Flashcards
_____ is a a biological identity and can be divided into the main categories of male and female
Based on perceived biological differences
sex
gender is a ______ concept referring to the entire array of _____ patterns we _____ with men and women in society
social, social
associate
Transgender - a persons whose sense of personal identity and _____ does not correspond with their birth _____
genser, sex
Transgender (or trans) umbrella - encompasses the variety of different _______ _______ and ______ _______ in modern society
gender identities
sexual expressions
______ _____ - are one set of roles that we perform in society
gender roles
gender is not something you are born with, it is constructed through _________’s ________
individual’s performances
who did the dramaturgical perspective and what did he say about it
goffman
We are actors on the stage of life performing our genders through our clothes, mannerisms, and behaviours
in Goffman’s dramaturgical perspective what is front vs back stage
“Front stage” individuals perform for other
“Back stage” individuals do not need to perform
Judith ______ argues that all gender is created and sustained through _________
butler, performances
as explained by _______, what is performativity
while it appears that our gender is just a natural part of who we are, Butler argues that we create gender through our actions and interactions
butler said that labeling people as male and female is overly ________
Binary composition of only two sexes also encourages us to __________ ppl in other unnecessarily ways
restrictive
categorize
Micheal Messner’s Cost of Masculinity says that While we usually focus on the downfalls of being a woman, society also has restrictive ideas of what
he outlines the _____ of masculenity (give an example)
what being a man is
rules
examples:
men must avoid feminine things like romcoms
Success is expected
Expected to show little emotion and to be aggressive
Gender and Education - “Brilliant or Bad: The Gendered Social Construction of Exceptionalism in Early Adolescence”:
The socialisation in curriculums and in the general education system is highly ______
Michela Musto focused on this in ______ schools
______ outperform ______ in most areas of education
gendered
middle
girls, boys
Gender and Education - “Brilliant or Bad:
________ towards girls persists
Boys associated with greater ______ and social ______
Boys perceived as more _______ overall by parents, teachers and media
Women participate less in fields where ‘ _____ ______’ is integral (math, philosophy, etc)
inequality
competency, social esteem
intelligent
raw intelligence
Gender and Education - “Brilliant or Bad:
Gender and Education - “Brilliant or Bad:
To identify the processes by which educators differential _______ to boys ______-________ by course level produces gender differences in students perceptions of _________
How ______ intersected with gender when shaping student’ perceptions of ________
To identify the processes by which educators differential responses to boys rule-breaking by course level produces gender differences in students perceptions of intelligence
How race intersected with gender when shaping student’ perceptions of intelligence
Gender and Education - “Brilliant or Bad:
Interactions push the narrative that boys are more competent and of higher social esteem - this starts at __________
childhood/classroom
Gender and Education - “Brilliant or Bad:
Teachers quicker to ________ girls
Formal age separation encourages student to enter into gendered ________ groups
However, for _____’s in ______ income urban schools, girls are seen as academically superior to boys, boys are more harshly criticised
dicipline
friend
POC, low`
Gender and Education - “Brilliant or Bad:
From kindergarten to college, boys are seen as academically superior
Women are well represented in ______ level courses
From kindergarten to college, boys are seen as academically superior
Women are well represented in higher level courses
Feminism - concerned with _____ between men and women
How gender __________ and women’s gender ________ are constructed + reconstructed
equality
inequality, roles
what is first wave feminism
19th century and mostly centered in countries like canada, us, uk
Focused on ‘de jure’ inequalities - part of legal and political system
Womens right to vote, hold property
what is second wave feminism
Broadened beyond political and legal rights - seeked change on issues including equality in workplace and reproductive rights
Women moved into traditionally male dominated professions (like military)
Violence against women - seual abuse, sexual violence, spousal abuse
Passed martial rape laws, established rape crisis, etc
what is thrid wave feminsim
1990’s - now - more inclusive towards women of diff racial, ethnic, religious, class and sexual orientations
Challenges the essentialist nature of second wave feminisms idea of what it means to be a woman
Less political and social rights, more cultural arenas
Challenging gender depictions in media, sexist language, genered norms etc
what is liberal feminsim
Came as direct response to a traditional culture that viewed women as “naturally” less physically capable than men (also seen in 1st and 2nd wave of feminism)
Oppressive and discriminatory beliefs oppress women
Seeks changes through institutional means to promote equality
Voting (suffrage movement), repealing discriminatory laws, policies to prevent sexual harassment, etc
what is radical feminism? what do they say
direct response to a traditional culture that viewed women as “naturally” less physically capable than men
Oppressive and discriminatory beliefs oppress women
Seeks changes through institutional means to promote equality
Voting (suffrage movement), repealing discriminatory laws, policies to prevent sexual harassment, etc
what is radical feminism
Women shouldn’t be included in the patriarchal system - we need to change the social
institutions/system altogether
Family and church institutions
Ideologies surrounding reproduction and sexuality
Eg - decoupling sex from marriage
what is marxist social feminism? what other types of feminism do they question
Questions radical and liberal feminism
Women cannot experience true liberation in existing institutions (lib fem) or changes in cultural understandings of ses and sexuality (rad fem) alone
Main obstacle - class-based societies where the powerful few get the wealth created by many (small group of powerful men)
Capitalism impedes women’s liberation and equality - we need to overthrow it
what type of feminism critisized marxist, liberal and radical? what else do they say
intersectional feminism
portray image of universal womanhood when not all women are the same (black queer women need diff things than straight white women)
Recognizes the differences in women dependent on their intersectionality
Relates to 3rd wave feminism
___________ is The study of how various dimensions of inequality can combine - product of ___rd wave fem
intersectionality
3rd
intersectionality was coined by _____ _____ using what metaphore
Coined by Kimberly Kremshawe - using metaphor
Discrimination is a like an accident at a traffic light - caused by cars travelling from a number of directions
kremshawe studied a group of black women in the US who filed for _________ discrimination
explain
She studied a group of black women in the US who filed for workplace discrimination
All the women were fired during layoffs
Judge said that since no black men were fired, and no white women were fired, there was no gender or race discrimination
They were fired due to intersectionality - and it was invisible
_______ was criticised for being gender blind towards its influence on inequality
explain
Marx criticised for being gender blind towards its influence on inequality
The struggle between capitalist and workers assumes men and women are equal in these positions, they’re not
Women are exploited in family institutions - not only by the capitalist system, but by their spouses in the home
Gender relations are reinforced in __________ such as sports
intsitutions
Sports are a social institution and are highly gendered - explain the micro and the macro
Micro - the languages is gendred (eg. sportsmen or “runs like a girl”)
Macro - gender-unequal - men earn way more, and are given more media
explain how work intsitutions are gendered in 2 ways
Gender concentrations in certain higher paying jobs
Work can have gendered terms (like “nurturing” attributed to women, and “nurturing” jobs such as elementary school teacher pay less as compared to professor wages which as less nurturing)
what is feminization of an occupational sphere
when an occupations becomes dominated or associated with women
“Pink collar”
Women came to be associated with ________, _______ tasks and seen to be okay with it (sa. clerical work)
why not men?
repetitive, minor
Not men cause they seek promotion, would be unhappy in these sorts of positions
what is the double-shift and the second shift
The double-shift: work outside the home for money, and inside the home unpaid
The second shift - women spend more time doing domestic labour
But, women work less hours outside the home
During covid this equalled out, except for during home-schooling
Men overestimate their time spent on childcare
Women hold MUCH less seats in political postitions
why (3)
If political parties dont nominate females to be candidates, ppl cant vote for them in the first place
Women are excluded from making the
connections to get them there (due to financial inequality/ wage gap)
Political office requires a lot of time - interfering with family obligations set upon women
_____ and _______ created a test to examine how we make implicit associations between things regarding gender
Ppl usually associate men with _______
Bnaji and Greenwald
science
what is sexuality and what is sexual orientation
The feelings of sexual attraction and behaviours related to them - socially constructed
Sexual orientation - whom you desire, and want to fuck, and fall for
what are the kinsey reports
kinsey conducted the first systematic study of sex and sexuality
Showed that there was much more diversity in sexual desires and behaviour than we thought (controversial)
He argued we shouldn’t think of sexuality as either normal or abnormal based on morals - rather define it by looking at what people are doing
kinsey came up with what rating scale
Heterosexual-Homosexual Rating Scale - a 7 point scale of sexual inclinations - implied that people are not JUST gay or straight, more of a spectrum
kinsey found that what two things affect sexuality
Social class and age affects sexuality
Found that men or higher social classes were more experimental
Women who were older and had a more liberal view of sexuality experimented more
what is homophobia
set of negative attitudes about people who are 2SLGBTQI+
People who have higher income less likely
Also ppl who are friends wit someone in community
We live in a heteronomative society - which means what
our social institutions, practices and norms assume ppl are heterosexual
invention of heterosexuality:
in the beginning True womanhood, manhood and love were characterised by “_____”
Sex and lust were solely instruments for __________, not pleasure
Women who liked sex were _________
purity
procreation
nymphomaniacs
invention of heterosexuality: Late victorian sex-love
The human body was integrated into the _______ and became perceived as a means of consuptions and _________
The _______ became the raw material for a new consumer culture
Medical professionals defined men-women relationships as ________- women no longer seen as nymphomaniacs for enjoying sex
economy
pleasure
erotic
healthy
invention of heterosexuality: first years of heterosexuality
Formulated by doctors where heterosexuality = _______
Those heterosexual were told to have “psychial _________________” and its symptoms were inclinations to both sexes + inclinations to abnormal methds of gratification (pleasure without procreation)
abnormal
phisical hermaphroditism”
invention of heterosexuality: The distribution of the Heterosexual Mystique: 1900-1930
A stress on __________ differences between men and women
Not _________
Due to the anxiety cause by ________ of the time
gender
biological
feminism
invention of heterosexuality: The Heterosexual Steps out: 1930-1945
Heterosexual and homosexual ______ in a NYT article for the first time
The ability to slip between ______ ________as reffered to casually
used
sexual categories
invention of heterosexuality: Heterosexual Hegemony: 1945-19645
Following WW2 women were reassociated with the _______, and men with _________ and _____ ______ outside the home
Conservative health professionals reassert the idea of _____________ and ___________
Sex-liberals expand the heterosexual ideal to be non-provocative, premarital, etc
________ associated with homosexuality
home, fatherhood and wage work
heterosexuality and procreation
sterility
invention of heterosexuality: Heterosexual Hegemony: 1945-19645
Following WW2 women were reassociated with the _______, and men with _________ and _____ ______ outside the home
Conservative health professionals reassert the idea of _____________ and ___________
Sex-liberals expand the heterosexual ideal to be non-provocative, premarital, etc
________ associated with homosexuality
the _______ ______ happen - people arent just hetero/homo anymore
home, fatherhood and wage work
heterosexuality and procreation
sterility
kinsey studies
invention of heterosexuality: out the shadows
Heterosexuality and homosexuality existed because they were _______
labelled
“If the situation is defined as real - it is real in it’s consequences”
apply this to race
So long as we define race as real, POC will face the real consequences surrounding race
No bio basis for how we define it - culturally specific ideas that allow people to classify others by race
“A condition and a process in which preferential access to the good things in life is not randomly distributed, but patterned around those human differences that are defined as socially significant.”
what is this
social inequality
differentiate between sex, gender and sexuality
Sex (and sex difference): Refers to biological characteristics
Gender (and gender difference): Refers to the socially produced differences between men and women.
Sexuality: “An individual’s sexual orientation or… the kind of person to whom they are attracted”
Most social controversies around gender are rooted in whether we think of sex, gender, and sexuality in “binary” vs. “spectral” terms.
differentiTE
A binary denotes a clear distinction between two separate types within a category (e.g. black or white)
E.g., sex: male or female gender: masculine or feminine sexuality: attracted to men or to women
A spectrum denotes a continuous range of possible positions between two endpoints (e.g. the colour spectrum)
Most contemporary scientific conceptions of sex, gender, and sexuality conceive of these categories as a spectrum, rather than a binary
Sex, gender, and sexuality are best understood as a _________, but are often assumed to be ___________.
spectrum, bianaries
Traits and roles associated with men and women are culturally constructed and variable, but are assumed to be natural.
This “essentialism” shapes unfairness in what ways
Marginalizes and stigmatises those who do not fit the norm
Misdirects blame from social systems to individual (hormones, genetics, personal virtues)
Rationalises social inequalities as unchangeable
Video - Gender identity ‘How colonialism killed by cultures gender identity”
Talked about 2-spirit - they were a male taking on gender roles of a female
The 4 gender identities are?
Masculine masculine
Masculine feminine
Feminine masculine
Feminine feminine
Video - Gender identity ‘How colonialism killed by cultures gender identity”
Talked about the indian “sacred gender”
what is ti
Gender not binary in india
This is diff than trans woman or man
Video - Gender identity ‘How colonialism killed by cultures gender identity”
what is a brother boy
Australia
Brother boy - person born female with a masculine spirit
Sistergirl
Video - Gender identity ‘How colonialism killed by cultures gender identity”
how was gender identity different before colonialism
Many of these ppl died during the colonialism
Many of the ideas were assimilated with the colonisers
Corrupted the mindset of people making them transphobic or homophobic
t or f sex is a social construst
true
“a determination made through the application of socially agreed upon biological criteria for classifying persons as females or males (e.g. genitalia, chromosomes)”
what is intesex
A person who doesnt fit the typical definition of being male or female
Can be someone with chromosomes of one sex, and genitals of another
diff ebtween intersex and trans
Intersex had to do with biological categories - trans has to do with mental state
Dr.’s pressure parents into consenting “_________________” surgeries for their intersex children
how is this justified
normalisation
Justified on the basis that the child would grow up confused - they were basically lied to
Intersex individuals ( in their simple existence) disrupt what?
Intersex individuals ( in their simple existence) disrupt mainstream assumptions about binary sex categories.
Why so much controversy and resistance to a “spectral” understanding?
The science is complex and difficult to understand
The subject is deeply personal
It disrupts long-held cultural assumptions, traditions, laws and power relations
Highlights how social inequalities are not natural, but socially constructed and therefore could be changed.
which theoretical perspective is speaking
gender differences continue to exist because they function to promote social stability
Describe: Women and men play “complementary roles” in society, which serve to keep it functioning smoothly.
Diagnose: Assume that the current system has evolved “naturally” to be this way.
Prescribe: Altering these roles may disrupt the system! We should embrace “traditional” gender roles, statuses, and traits of masculinity and femininity
functionalism
which theoretical perspective is speaking
the social system is designed to benefit some more than others.
Describe: Inequalities that persist in gender roles and outcomes
Diagnose: Gender roles and ideologies reinforce power relations (e.g. of male domination/patriarchy).
Prescribe: Seeks to alter instances of injustice and oppression. Greater fairness in society will benefit both individuals and society.
Conflict/Critical perspectives
which theoretical perspective is speaking
“When we think of achieving gender equity, we are thinking about how to provide fair treatment under unequal circumstances, and how addressing the underlying causes of those inequalities might foster greater fairness moving forward.”
intersectionality
“Simply put, feminism is a movement to end sexism, sexist exploitation, and oppression.”
why is this a good definition of feminism
This is a nice definition because it doesn’t imply that men are the problem
____________ the theory, research, and activism, addressing “how various dimensions of inequality can combine.”
intersetionality
intersectionality Aims to prevent us from making “_____-_____ _____ -____” assumptions about fairness and empowerment.
one-size fits all
Why Intersectionality? over a single axis framework
“Single axis” frameworks tend to be geared toward the dominant category - if intersectionality is not considered:
women (implies white women)
Black (implies Black men)
intersectionality-
We may experience ______ in some situations and __________ in others.
priviledge
disadvantages
how is gender real in its consequences in education (selection, streaming, differentiated experiences) for higher level courses
Selection: Affluent White and Asian boys permitted to speak out of turn gained confidence and public speaking skills.
Streaming: Boys more frequently identified as gifted, “superstars” by teachers
Differentiated experiences: The effect stuck even in subsequent courses with stricter classroom norms:
More boys perceived as exceptional
Boys remained more confident
how is gender real in its consequences in education (selection, streaming, differentiated experiences) for lower level courses
Selection: Courses over-represented by non-affluent students; educators perceived Latino boys negatively, e.g. as “thugs”
Streaming: Latino boys penalized for speaking out of turn
Discouraged from participating
Boys most harshly scrutinized and punished for classroom infractions
Differentiated experiences: Higher rates of suspension and expulsion
how is education real in it;s consequences (selection, streaming, differentiated experiences) for girl’s experiences
Selection: Girls encouraged toward gendered behaviours
Disciplined for gender-inappropriate behaviours
During recess, boys occupy more play space, often invade girls games.
Streaming: Talked over in class, less likely to be identified as gifted
Differentiated experiences: Higher rates of graduation and college enrolment, but…
Only outperformed those where were marginalized for other reasons.
Women occupy less intellectually prestigious academic fields
Systemic Barriers Influence Who Seeks Support
rural
Rural: Lack of access limits capacity to escape
Systemic Barriers Influence Who Seeks Support
homophobia and biphobia
Homophobia & Biphobia: Slut-shaming, outing, housing insecurity
Systemic Barriers Influence Who Seeks Support
anti-sex work laws
Anti-sex work laws: perpetuate surveillance of SW’s and threat of criminalization
Systemic Barriers Influence Who Seeks Support
ableism
Ableism: Sexual and medical stigma, denial of credibility, lack of accessiblity
Systemic Barriers Influence Who Seeks Support
Institutionalized racism & colonialism:
Institutionalized racism & colonialism: Secondary victimization from legal and support services, credibility deficit
Sex, gender, & sexuality are socially constructed but “__________” as natural
essentialized
Addressing gender “fairness” requires a critical awareness of how_______ _______ are shaped by _______factors.
social inequalities
systemic
A gender analysis is not limited to _________ — it deepen understandings of other systems and _________ as well.
women
gendered
Feminist, intersectional, and Queer politics are politics of ____________.
liberation
