Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Medication: HEENT > Women's Health- OB > Flashcards

Women's Health- OB Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Birth Rate?

A

Live births in a given year for every 1000 PERSONS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the Fertility rate?

A

Number of live births per 1000 WOMEN ages 15-44 per year.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define a Neonatal

A

Birth to 28 days of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is prenatal?

A

28 weeks of gestation to first 7 days of life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the corrected age?

A

Chronological age (Weeks) - # of weeks born prematurely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is GPtpal

A

G- Gravid- pregnant
Parity: number of births
T-full term between 37-40 weeks
P premature- born alive/deceased 20-37 completed gestational weeks
A- Abortions- pregnancies ending before 20 weeks (induced or spontaneous)
L- Living Children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many gestational periods are there and how long is each period?

A

There are 3 gestational periods each is 3 calendar months (1st 2nd 3rd trimesters)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

1st trimester can be subdivided into 2 stages, what are they?

A

Embryonic – two to ten weeks of gestation

Fetal stage- the baby is in the fetal stage from week 10 until birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are some common findings in the first trimester?

A

Morning sickness, fatigue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are some common findings in the second trimester?

A

Morning sickness will resolve
Fatigue from the 1st trimester subsides
Aches and pains from the uterine pressure start
Postural changes to accommodate change in weight distribution
Quickening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Quickening?

A

1st feeling of the baby moving, a butterfly feeling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who is likely to feel quickening later, first time mothers or mothers who have had more children?

A

First time mothers will feel quickening later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some common findings of the 3rd Trimester?

A

Rapid growth of the fetus

Swelling of the ankles
Mother increased weight gain, regular rest breaks due to loosening of ligaments, back pain, SOB (increased blood volume and C/O) Difficulty sleeping, Urinary frequency, Braxton Hicks Contractions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are Braxton Hicks Contractions?

A

Spastic uterine contractions due tin increased stretching of the uterus, these are different from labor contractions in that they don’t increase in intensity and freq.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When do Braxton Hicks contractions usually begin?

A

Approx 28 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do you resolve Braxton hicks contractions?

A

Disappear with walking or exercise- true labor contractions will become more intense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

When is the baby “suppose” to be head down?

A

Around 32-35 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In what stage is an embryo most sensitive to teratogens?

A

In the embryonic stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When does Oogenesis occur?

A

During the Embryonic stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When does the fetus have the most rapid growth?

A

Third trimester

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Essentials of Diagnosis

A

Essentials of Diagnosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is essential for the diagnosis of pregnancy?

A

Amenorrhea and a positive pregnancy test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are some clinical findings of pregnancy- what will the women notice?

A 
Amenorrhea
N/V
Breast changes
Fetal movement
Elevated basal body temp
Skin changes
Pelvic changes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Clinical Findings- Nausea and Vomiting

A

Clinical Findings- Nausea and Vomiting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What percent of pregnancies will have associated n/v?

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

When is n/v likely to occur?

A

At 2 weeks of gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

When does n/v usually resolve?

A

13-16 weeks of gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is Hyperemesis gravidarum?

A

Extreme form of N/V during pregnancy resulting in Dehydration, weight loss, ketonuria, and possible hospitalization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the treatment of N/V

A

Small frequent meals, dry diet and emotional support

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Clinical Findings- Breast Changes

A

Clinical Findings- Breast Changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Most women will experience mastodynia, what is masyodynia?

A

Painful breast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Explain the findings of breast engorgement?

A

Periareolar venous prominence, Montgomery’s tubercles are more pronounced especially in Primiparous (women who is pregnant for the first time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the Montgomery tubercles?

A

The glands of Montgomery, or Montgomery’s tubercles, are the tiny “bumps” that are scattered around the areola (the darker area which rings the nipple). During pregnancy these glands enlarge and they remain enlarged while breastfeeding.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Clinical Findings: Fetal movement

A

Clinical Findings: Fetal movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

When should there be an initial perception of fetal movement?

A

Primiparous: 18-20 weeks gestation
Multiparous: early as 14 weeks gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is Quickening?

A

Maternal perception of movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Clinical Findings: Elevated Basal body temperature

A

Clinical Findings: Elevated Basal body temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What causes the increase of basal body temp?

A

Progesterone will cause an increase of 0.5 C in basal body temp. it will occur during the leteal phase and persist after missed menses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Clinical Findings- Skin Changes

A

Clinical Findings- Skin Changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What are some of the skin findings in pregnancy

A

Chloasma: darkening of the skin- sunlight make it worse
Linea nigra- line will form down the middle of the stomach
Striae
Spider telangiectasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Clinical Findings Pelvic organ changes

A

Clinical Findings Pelvic organ changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is chadwick’s sign?

A

Bluish discoloration of the vagina caused by increased vascularity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is hegar’s sign?

A

Widening and softening of the isthmus of the uterus while the cervix is still firm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is Goodell sign?

A

Softening of the cervix, occurs after Hegars sign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is Ballottment?

A

Passive movement of unengaged fetus 16-18 mo, The use of a finger to push sharply against the uterus and detect the presence or position of a fetus by its return impact.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is Leukorrhea:

A

White discharge due to estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is pelvic ligament relaxation?

A

sacrolillac and pubic symphysis relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are some tools used for dx?

A

Fetal Heart tones (FHT), Uterine size/fetal palpation, Sonography, Pregnancy test.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

When can you first hear the fetal heart tones?

A

By using a handheld Doppler after 10 weeks of gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is being looked for on sonography and when is each done?

A

Cardiac activity- discernible at 5-6 weeks via transvaginal sonogram
End of embryonic stage- 10 weeks after the last normal menstrual period the embryo will have a human appearance
Gestation age- determined by crown rump length which is done between 6-13 weeks gestation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What margin of error does the gestational age by crown rump have?

A

About 8% 3-5 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are the two types of pregnancy test?

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) can be done by the serum and urine

53
Q

When is serum HCG positive?

A

7 days after conception or 21-22 days after last normal menstrual period

54
Q

When should the home Urine HCG be done, and what is it measuring?

A

Should be done on the first morning void and it measures antibody assay to Beta-HCG

55
Q

What is the half-life of HCG?

A

1.5 days

56
Q

When do serum and urine levels of HCG return to normal levels?

A

21- 24 days after delivery/ fetal loss

57
Q

How can you determine fetal age?

A

Time elapsed since the fist day of the LNMP expressed in completed weeks
Neagels rule

58
Q

What is Negels rule?

A

Estimated delivery date= 1st day of LMP+1 year- 3 months+ 7 days

59
Q

What can ultrasound tell you about the baby?

A

Determine the viability
Screen for aneuploidy
Evaluate fetal anatomy and well being
Estimate the gestational age

60
Q

When is the best period of time that a ultra sound can determine the fetal age?

A

Between weeks 13-20 is when it is the most accurate parameter ( with 8% margin of error) after 24 weeks the accuracy to estimate age diminishes significantly

61
Q

What is the fundal Height?

A

is a measure of the size of the uterus used to assess fetal growth and development during pregnancy. It is measured from the top of the mother’s uterus to the top of the mother’s pubic bone in centimeters.
Ex: the belly button is around 20 weeks

62
Q

What is the gold standard early pregnancy failure ?

A

Cardiac activity absence on ultrasound

63
Q

What lab finding can be used for dx of early pregnancy failure?

A

Lack of an increase of serial B-HCG levels

64
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of late pregnancy failure?

A

Fist sign: absence of fetal movement noted by mother

65
Q

What is used for diagnosis of late pregnancy failure?

A

If no appreciable fetal heart tone: US is 100% accureate in determining cardiac activity

66
Q

What are some complications of pregnancy failure?

A

DIC- disseminated intravascular coagulopathy

67
Q

Prenatal care:

Mothers receiving prenantal care=

A

Mothers receiving prenantal care= loser risk of complications (due to the ability to identify and treat high risk patients)

68
Q

What risk factors must be determined before conception?

A

Smoking, alcohol, drug use, and exposure to known teratogens

69
Q

You must also warn the women about the ABCDEF’s of preg, what are those?

A 
A: Amniotic fluid leakage
B: Bleeding vaginally
C: Contractions
D: Dysuria
E: Edema
F: Fetal Movement
70
Q

What effects can smoking have on a women trying to become preg?

A

Difficulty getting preg
Placenta seperates from the womb too early, casuing bleeding
Placenta covering the cervix causing complications
Water breaks to early

71
Q

What effects can smoking have on a baby?

A 
Baby born to small 
Baby born to early
sudden infant death syndrome
Fetal death
Infant death
72
Q

What is the effect of alcohol of the baby?

A

Fetus is exposed to alcohol longer than mother (the same amount of alcohol) due to the fact that the has less alcohol dehydrogenase for metabolism of the ETOH)

73
Q

What is the effect if the mother smokes and drinks?

A

Concurrent tobacco appears to increase the fetal exposure to alcohol

74
Q

What amount of alcohol is safe to drink while preg?

A

No known safe amount to drink while pregnant

75
Q

When is it safe to drink during preg?

A

No known safe time to drink during pregnancy

76
Q

What is the side effects of drinking during preg, esp the 1st trimester?

A

Growth and CNS issues, in the first trimester will lead to abnormal facial features.

77
Q

What effect does marijuana during preg have on the baby?

A

Low birth weight, intercraininal bleeding, jitteriness, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia. As a neonate poor feeding, irritability, tachypena

78
Q

What effect do amphetamines during preg have on the baby?

A

Premature birth, low birth weight, interbranial bleeding

79
Q

What effect do optiods during pregnancy have on the baby?

A

Fetal growth restriction, premature birth and low birth weight

80
Q

What effect does cocaine during pregnancy have on the baby?

A

Miscarriage, fetal growth restriction, developmental disorders of the urinary system or GI treact, Microcephaly, neurobehavioral problems, placenta abruption, increased startling, jitteriness, excessive sucking in neonate.

81
Q

Medication Teratogens

A

Medication Teratogens

82
Q

Aminopterin:
What is it used for:
What doest it cause:
How does it cause birth defects?

A

What is it used for: treatment of cancerous tumors

What doest it cause: Wide array of birth defects, including facial abnormalities such as cleft lip and cleft palate

How does it cause birth defects? Blocks folic acid and therefore neural tube defects

83
Q

Phnytoin, valproic acid, Trimethadione

What are they used for?
What do they cause:

A

What are they used for? Anti epileptics

What do they cause: a wide array of birth defects including a cleft palate, microcephaly and cardio abnormalities

84
Q

Warfarin- anticoagulatnts

What is its MOA:
What does it cause:

A

What is its MOA: inhibits synthesis of vit k dependent clotting factors (2, 7, 9, 10) and anticoagulant protein c and s

What does it cause: CNS defects: mental retardation and optic nerves defects

85
Q

ACE Inhibitros- anti-hypertensive
what is its MOA

What does it cause?

A

What it is MOA: Blocks conversion of angiotensin I to II

What does it cause: Fetal growth restriction, baby kidney dysfuction and fetal mortality

86
Q

Isotretinoin (Acutane)

What is it used for?
What can it cause:

A

What is it used for? Treates severe acne, derived from vit A, binds to and activatesretinoic acid receptors reulating cell proliferation and differentiation, immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory responces

What can it cause: cleft palate, heart defects, abnormalities of the outer ears, micronathia, nerural tube defects

87
Q

Lithium, Phenothiazine, Diazepam
what is it used for?
what do they cause?

A

What are they used for: Tranqulizer and anti anxiety

What do they cause? Cleft lip/ palate

88
Q

SSRIs
effects on fetus?
What is the worse SSRI to use?

A

Most effects are small, irritable, agitation, tremor, increased RR, nasal congestion of diarrhea.
What is the worse SSRI to use?
Paroxetine (Paxil)

89
Q

What is worse for fetal development the use of an SSRI or Depression?

A

Depression may be more harmful than SSRIs

90
Q

Androgens and progestin’s (Birth control)

What affect do androgens and progestins have on the baby?]

A

Make female fetuses more masculine, baby clitoris may be larger than normal, fused labia, scrotum and penis

91
Q

Diethylstillbesteol (DES)

What is it and what does it do to the fetus?

A

It is a form of estrogen, abnormalities of uterus, vagina and cervix

92
Q

Genetic Screening and Testing:

A

Genetic Screening and Testing:

93
Q

What are ACOGs recommendations on genetic testing?

A

All pregnant women are offered test for
Fetal chromosomal abnormalities
Maternal blood test in first trimester along with ultrasound or
Maternal blood test in second trainmaster with/without ultrasound

94
Q

When should invasive diagnostic testing be available, what are the options?

A

It should be avb to all women- Chorionic Villus sampling and Amniocentesis

95
Q

What is the Quad marker screen?

A 
Alpha fetoprotion (AFP) A protein produced by the babies liver
Unconjugated Estriol (UE)- a protein produced by the placenta and babies liver
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin: Produced by the placenta
Inhibin A: Produced by the liver
96
Q

When is the Quad marker screen usually done?

A

15- 20 weeks

97
Q

On a quad marker screen what defects are seen with to high of AFP at 15-20 weeks?

A

Open neural tube defects, Twins, Baby over 20 weeks old

98
Q

On a quad marker screen what defects are seen with to high of HCG at 15-20 weeks?

A

Down syndrome

99
Q

When is Chorionic Villus sampling usually done?

A

In the 1st trimester

100
Q

What are the two ways the CVS can be performed?

A

Transabdominally and transvaginally

101
Q

When is amniocentesis usually done?

A

After 15th week of pregnancy.

102
Q

Maturity amniocentesis is most common when?

A

After 36th week of preg

103
Q

What are the three most common Trisomys?

A

13: Patal
21: Downs
18: Edward

104
Q

First OB visit:

A

First OB visit:

105
Q

What needs to be covered in the OB history questions of the first visit?

A

Current symptoms, Discuss any perceptions regarding childbearing, and outcomes of pervious pregnancies.

106
Q

What previous surgical procedures may warrant a Caesarean section?

A

Previous gynecologic, abd, or uterine

107
Q

What happeneds if there is a family history of DM?

A

There is a glucose testing at the initial visit if there is a family hx

108
Q

What is looked at in the PE of the initial Visit?

A

Bony pelvis (The pelvic inlet, midpelvis and pelvic outlet) the uterus, cervical length and adnexal exam

109
Q

What test needs to be ran if there is a hx of cat letter boxes, untreated drinking water, contaminate undercooked meat?

A

Toxoplasmosis

110
Q

What test needs to be tested if there is a sexually transmitted infection risk factor, under 25 years old, multiple sex partners, hx or prior STI?

A

A gonorrhea test

111
Q

What test needs to be done if there is a hx of being around a lot of kids, like a day care worker, NICU nurse, adolescents with multiple sexual partners?

A

Cytomegalovirus

112
Q

What immunizations need to be given to preg women?

A

Preservative free influenza- all preg women
Hep B- >1 sex partner during previous 6 mo, STI
Tdap- if no prev vaccination

113
Q

What immunizations are contraindicated during preg?

A

HPV, Infuenza in live attenuated influenza vaccine form, MMR, Varcella

114
Q

When are follow up appts?

A

0-32 weeks Q 4 weeks
32-36 weeks Q2 weeks
over 36 weeks Q week

115
Q

what is determined at the 18-20 week gestational ultrasound?

A

Fetal Anatomy, Cardiac activity, Crown rump length for gestational age, Nucal region shuld be imaged for abnormality

116
Q

What is the Leopold maneuver and when is it done?

A

Done at 26 weeks to determine the size and position of the baby

117
Q

What lab tests are done in the third trimester?

A

Gestational DM- Glucose tolerance test
CBC- check for anemia
Group B strep- if + treat with PCN at admission of labor

118
Q

What are some common complications of pregnancy that do not need to be worried about?

A

Ptyalism- excessive salivation
Pica- ingestion of substances with no nutritional valve (this can be an issue!)
Vericose veins
Urinary freq and renal function – GFR increased over 50% due to increase in blood volume
Joint and back pain
Leg bramps/ numbness
Breast soreness
Acrodysethesia of the hands- Numbness and tingle

119
Q

What do you need to tell women about bathing during preg?

A

Not to use to much soap, not to hot, and not to long (no hot tubs)

120
Q

What do you need to ell women about exercise during preg?

A

30 min to moderate intensity physical activity, and avoid activites with risk of maternal injury.

121
Q

What needs to be told to women about intercourse during preg?

A

If Cramping, spotting or BRB occur you need to DC intercourse until evaluated

122
Q

Nutritional Requirements during Preg:

A

Nutritional Requirements during Preg:

123
Q

Protein:

A

1 g/kg/day + 20 grams per day in the 2nd ½ of preg- it is crucial for fetal development

124
Q

Ca+:

A

Ca+: 1200 mg/day during preg and lactation

125
Q

Iron

A

Iron: Adequate iron intake for increased RBC production

126
Q

Vitamin

A

Vitamin: Follic Acid: decreased risk for neural tube defects- inititate 1 mo before conception and cont for first 3 mo post preg

127
Q

Overall calories

A

Overall calories: increase 340-450 kcal/day in 2nd and 3rd trimester

128
Q

What is the recommended weight gain in pregnancy:

A

Normal pre pregnancy weight 25-35 lbs

129
Q

What foods need to be avoided during preg?

A

Soft cheeses, raw eggs (raw cookie dough or cake batter) certain types of fish (shark, sword fish, mackereal), Raw or undercooked fist, Unpasteurized juice or ciders including fresh squeezed (may have ecoli) salads made in a store, such as ham salad, chicken salad, and seafood salad, raw shellfish (oysters) raw or undercooked sprouts and Unpasteurized milk

Clinical Medication: HEENT (39 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions