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Fundamentals of Nursing > Women's Health/Cancer > Flashcards

Women's Health/Cancer Flashcards

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1
Q

Progesterone

A

Thickens and prepares uterus for receiving a fertilized ovum

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2
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

responsible for stimulating the ovaries to secrete estrogen

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3
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

responsible for stimulating progesterone release

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4
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

From hypothalamus, affects the rate of FSH and LH release

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5
Q

Proleferative phase

Day 1-13

A

Beginning of cycle (just after menstruation)
FSH output increases and estrogen secretion is stimulated
This causes the endometrium to become more vascular and thicken

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6
Q

Secretory phase

Day 14-28

A

LH output increases, ovulation occurs

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7
Q

In a womens health hx, data should be collected about:

A 
Menstrual hx (menarche, duration, cramps?)
Pregnancies (#?)
Exposure to meds
Dysmenorrhea
Sx of vaginitis
Bowel problems
Sexual hx (STI's, abuse?)
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8
Q

Pap smear

A

Cervix is examined, obtained by rotating a small spatula at the os, followed by a cervical brush rotated in the os

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9
Q

Recommended age for a pap smear

A

18, or when they become sexually active, regardless of age

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10
Q

Benefits of hormonal contraceptives

A 
Prevents pregnancy
Decreased cramps and bleeding
Regular bleeding cycle
Decreased incidence of anemia
Decreased acne 
Protection from uterine and ovarian cancer
Decreased incidence of ectopic pregnancy
Decreased incidence of pelvic infection
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11
Q

Risks of hormonal contraceptives

A 
Bothersome side effects 
Nausea
Weight gain
Mood changes
Small increased risk of developing blood clots, stroke or heart attack
No protection from STI's
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12
Q

Do’s and Don’t of a pap smear

A

Best time to schedule is at least 5 days after your period stops. Don’t use tampons, birth control foams/jellies or vaginal creams 2-3 days before the test. Do not douche. Do not have sex for 2 days before the test

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13
Q

Transdermal contraceptives

A

Release estrogen and progestin continuously. Changed every week for 3 weeks, no patch is used during the 4th week. Risks are similar to those of oral contraceptives. May be applied to the torse, chest, arms, or thighs. Should not be applied to breasts.

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14
Q

Oral contraceptives

A

Stops the release of FSH, prevents ovulation.

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15
Q

Vaginal contraceptives

A

Releases estrogen and progestin, inserted in vagina for 3 weeks and then removed, results in lower hormone blood levels than oral contraceptives, does not require fitting.

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16
Q

Concerns for vaginal contraceptives

A

Fear of migrating
Uncomfortable
Noticed by partner

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17
Q

Injectable contraceptives (Depo)

A

IM inj every 3 months, inhibits ovulation

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18
Q

Advantages of Depo

A

Reduction of menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, and anemia. May reduce the risk of pelvic infection, and endometrial cancer

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19
Q

Disadvantages of Depo

A 
Irregular bleeding
Bloathing
Headaches
Hair loss
Decreased libido
Changes in weight
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20
Q

Intrauterine device

A

Small plastic device, T-shaped, inserted into uterine cavity, causes a local inflammatory reaction that prevents fertilization

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21
Q

Advantages of IUD

A

Effectiveness over a long period of time

reduction of pt error

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22
Q

Disadvantages

A 
Excessive bleeding
Cramps
Backaches
Infection
Risk of tubal pregnancy
Displacement of device
Rarely, proliferation of cervix or uterus
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23
Q

Examples of mechanical barriers

A

Diaphragm
Cervical cap
Female condom
Spermicides

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24
Q

Diaphragm

A

Round, flexible ring with a latex rubber cup. Spermicidal jelly coats it. inserted deep into the vagina, covering the cervix. Must be sized and properly fitted

25
Q

How long should the diaphragm be placed

A

Remain in place for at least 6 hours after intercourse, no more than 12 after.

26
Q

Disadvantages of diaphgram

A

Toxic shock syndrome
Allergic reactions to latex
Increased risk for UTI

27
Q

Cervical cap

A

Covers only the cervix, used with spermicide, requires fitting

28
Q

Advantage of cervical cap

A

May be left in place for 2 days after sex, may cause cervical irritation

29
Q

Ectopic Pregnancy

A

Leading cause of pregnancy related death in 1st trimester. Occurs when fertilized ovum becomes implanted on any tissue other than uterine lining. (Fallopian tube, ovary, abdomen, cervix) Most commonly occurs in fallopian tube.

30
Q

Causes of ectopic pregnancy

A 
Salpingitis
Pertitubal adhesions
Structural abnormalities
Previous ectopic pregnancy
Previous tubal surgery
Multiple previous abortions
31
Q

Methotrexate

A

Stops pregnancy from progressing by interfering with DNA synthesis and the multiplication of cells, it interrupts early, small, unruptured, ectopic pregnancies

32
Q

Side effects of methotrexate

A 
Abdominal cramping
Renal/hepatic damage
Allergic reaction 
NSAIDS enhance metho toxicity
Folic acid lowers efficacy
33
Q

Menopause

A

Permanent cessation of menses, associated with declining ovarian function. Occurs in women between the ages of 48 and 55

34
Q

S/S of menopause

A 
Irregular menses
Breast tenderness
Hot flashes
Night sweats
Increased bone loss
Thinning of pubic hair
Shrinkage of labia
vaginal secretions decrease
Fatigue
Dizziness
Weight gain
Sleep disturbances
35
Q

During menopause, some women report dyspareunia, this is due to

A

Vaginal secretions decrease, causes vaginal pH to rise. This predisposes women to bacterial infections. Water based lubricants are recommended.

36
Q

Assessment for women on HRT

A

Assess for pain/redness in legs
Any S/S of DVT and pulmonary embolism
Chest pain
SOB, tenderness

37
Q

Candidiasis

A

Yeast infection

38
Q

S/S of candidiasis

A

Vaginal discharge that causes itching (thick cottage like)

pH is 4.5 or less

39
Q

Management of candidiasis

A

Antifungal agents

Vaginal creams

40
Q

Bacterial vaginosis

A

Overgrowth of anaerobic baceria. Risk factors include douching after menses, smoking, multiple sex partners

41
Q

S/S of bacterial vaginosis

A

Can occur throughout the menstrual cycle. Most sx are not noticed. Fishlike oder after intercourse Yellow white discharge, pH greater than 4.7.

42
Q

Management of bacterial vaginosis

A

Flagyl bid for one week, vaginal gel or cream

43
Q

Trichomoniasis

A

Protozoan that causes a common STI called trich. May be transmitted thru a asymptomatic carrier.

44
Q

S/S of trichomoniases

A

Thin, frothy, yellow discharge
Vulvitis
Inspection with speculum shows cervical erythema, and multiple small petechiea (strawberry spots)

45
Q

Management of trichmoniases

A

Most effective: Metronidazole or tinidazole

Both partners receive one time dose.

46
Q

HPV

A

most common STI, can be asymptomatic , can be found in lesions of the skin, cervix, vagina, anus, penis, and oral cavity. Most common strains are 6, and 11

47
Q

Management of HPV

A

Treatment of external warts: topical creams
Cryotherapy
Laser therapy

48
Q

Herpes Type 2

A

Lifelong viral infection that causes herpetic lesions on the external genitalia. Recurrences can be associated with sunburns, stress, dental work, or inadequate rest or poor nutrition

49
Q

Manifestations of Herpes type 2

A 
Itching
Pain, redness
Swelling
Flu like sx
Malaise
Enlarged lymph nodes in the groin
Minor temperature 
Muscle aches 
Lesions last 4-15days before crusting over
50
Q

Management of herpes type 2

A 
No cure, treatment aimed at relieving sx
Antiviral agents (Valtrex, Acyclovir, Famvir)
Analgesics for pain
Increase fluid intake 
Sitz baths
Barrier methods during sex
51
Q

Chlamydia and Gonorrhea (often coexist)

A

Chlamydia shows no sx but cervical discharge, dyspareunia, dysuria, and bleeding.

Gonorrhea shows no sx, may develop into PID w/o treatment

52
Q

Management of chlamydia and gonorrhea

A

Doxycycline, Azithromycin

Ampicillin, amoxicillin

53
Q

Pregnant women with chlamydia are treated with _______, not with _____

A

Erythromycin

Tetracycline

54
Q

Abnormal findings in a breast inspection

A

Dimpling of flattening of nipple
Edema, redness
Nipple inversion
Ulceration, rashes, nipple discharge

55
Q

BSE is best performed after

A

Menses (day 5 to 7, counting the first day of menses as day 1 for premenopausal women)

Once monthly for postmenopausal

56
Q

Annual mammography should begin at age

A

40

57
Q

Risk factors for breast cancer

A 
Age
Personal and family hx of breast CA
Exposure to radiation
Obesity
Alcohol intake
Genetic mutation (BRCA1 and BRCA2)
Hormonal factors (early menarche, late menopause, late age at 1st full term pregnancy, HRT)
58
Q

Nonsurgical treatment of breast cancer

A

Raiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Hormonal therapy

Fundamentals of Nursing (12 decks)

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