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Fundamentals of Nursing > Acid Base Balance > Flashcards

Acid Base Balance Flashcards

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1
Q

Normal range of adult arterial blood is

A

7.35-7.45

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2
Q

pH less than 7.35

A

Acidosis

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3
Q

pH greater than 7.45

A

Alkalosis

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4
Q

What are buffers?

A

Pairs of chemicals that work together to maintain normal pH

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5
Q

Major buffer in ECF

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3)

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6
Q

Bicarbonate buffers

A

Metabolic acid

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7
Q

Ratio of bicarbonate acid to carbonic acid

A

20:1

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8
Q

What are the body’s two acid excretion systems?

A

Lungs and Kidneys

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9
Q

The lungs regulate

A

CO2 (excrete carbonic acid)

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10
Q

The kidneys regulate

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3)

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11
Q

What is PaCO2

A

The level of CO2 in the blood

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12
Q

Increase in PaCo2 triggers

A

Deeper and faster respirations

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13
Q

Decrease in PaCo2 triggers

A

Slow shallow respirations

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14
Q

Kidneys compensate for

A

Respiratory acid base imablances

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15
Q

Lungs compensate for

A

Metabolic acid base imbalances

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16
Q

Acidosis is a condition in which

A

Blood is too acidic

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17
Q

Alkalosis is a condition in which

A

Blood is too basic

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18
Q

What is metabolic acidosis

A

When there is a decrease in bicarbonate. The kidneys are unable to excrete metabolic acids. pH falls.

19
Q

S/S of metabolic acidosis

A 
HA
light headedness 
Confusion/drowsiness
Abdominal pain
Increased respirations
pH less than 7.35
20
Q

Causes of metabolic acidosis

A

Diarrhea
Uremia
Ketoacidosis (diabetes, starvation, alcoholism)

21
Q

What are the three D’s of metabolic acidosis

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis
Diarrhea
Dialysis

22
Q

What is metabolic alkalosis

A

Increase of a base (HCO3) or decrease of metabolic acids

23
Q

Causes of metabolic alkalosis

A 
Vomiting 
Gastric suction
Massive blood transfusion
Excess aldosterone
Ingestion of HCO3 (antacids)
24
Q

S/S of metabolic alkalosis

A 
Light headedness
Numbness and tingling of fingers
Confusion
Dizziness
Decreased respirations
25
Q

What is respiratory acidosis

A

Rises from alveolar hypoventilation. Lungs are unable to excrete enough CO2, PaCo2 rises and causes an excess of carbonic acid

26
Q

How do the kidneys compensate for respiratory acidosis

A

They increase excretion of metabolic acids in urine, which increases blood bicarbonate. This often takes 24hrs to show clinical effect and 3-5 days to reach a steady state.

27
Q

Decreased CSF pH and intracellular pH of brain cells cause

A

Decreased level of consciousness

28
Q

S/S of respiratory acidosis

A 
HA
Lightheadedness
Confusion/lethargy
Warm and flushed skin
Increased repirations/pulse/BP
29
Q

Causes of respiratory acidosis

A 
Inadequate ventilation
Pulmonary edema
Aspiration
Sleep apnea
Pneumonia
Respiratory failure
30
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis

A

Rises from alveolar hyperventilation. The lungs excrete too much carbonic acid. PaCo2 decreases, pH rises.

31
Q

If the pH rises enough in respiratory alkalosis central nervous system

A

Depression occurs

32
Q

S/S of respiratory alkalosis

A

lightheadedness
Inability to concentrate
Tingling sensations
Excitement

33
Q

Causes of respiratory alkalosis

A 
Hyperventilation
Anxiety
Hypoxemia
Acute pain 
Inappropriate ventilator settings
34
Q

Normal value for anion gap

A

5-11mEq/L

35
Q

Normal value for PaCo2

A

35-45

36
Q

Normal value for HCO3

A

22-26

37
Q

Normal value for PaO2

A

80-100

38
Q

Normal value for O2 sat

A

97% or >

39
Q

If CO2 follows pH

A

Respiratory problem

40
Q

If HCO3 follows pH

A

Metabolic

41
Q

CO2 below 35 is

A

alkalotic

42
Q

CO2 greater than 45

A

acidic

43
Q

When bicarbonate is normal

A

Uncompensated

Fundamentals of Nursing (12 decks)

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