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Fundamentals of Nursing > Fluid and Electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluid and Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

Normal value for Na+

A

136-145 mEq/L

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2
Q

Normal value for K+

A

3.5-5.0 mEq/L

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3
Q

Normal values for Cl-

A

98-106 mEq/L

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4
Q

Normal values for CO2

A

22-26 mEq/L

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5
Q

Normal values for Ca+

A

9-10.5 mEq/L

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6
Q

Normal values Mg+

A

1.3-2.1 mEq/L

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7
Q

Normal values for PO4- (phospate)

A

2.7-4.5 mg/dL

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8
Q

Normal values for Serum osmality

A

280-295 mOsm/kg

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9
Q

Normal value for BUN

A

10-20 mg/dL

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10
Q

Normal value for Creatinine

A

0.7-1.5 mg/dL

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11
Q

Normal value for hematocrit

A

Male: 44-52%
Female: 39-47%

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12
Q

Normal value for glucose

A

70-110

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13
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) regulates

A

the osmolality of the body by influencing how much water is excreted in urine. Synthesized in hypothalamus

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14
Q

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System regulates

A

ECF volume by influencing how much Na+ and water are excreted in urine. Also regulates BP

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15
Q

Specialized cells in the kidneys release the enzyme

A

Renin. which converts angiostensinogen to angiostensin I, which other enzymes in the lung capillaries convert into angiotensin II

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16
Q

Functions of Angiotensin II

A

vasoconstriction, stimulation of aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex

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17
Q

Aldosterone

A

circulates the kidneys, causes resorption of Na+ and water

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18
Q

Causes of Fluid volume alterations

A

Vomiting, diarrhea, fistulas, GI suction, anorexia, inability to obtain fluids

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19
Q

S/S of FVD (Fluid volume deficit)

A 
weight loss
tachycardia
 oliguria, dark yellow urine weak rapid pulse
absence of sweat and tears
thirst
Increased BUN/Creatinine and hct
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20
Q

Fluid volume deficit

A

Na+ and water intake less than output

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21
Q

Fluid volume excess

A

expansion of ECF. Na+ and water intake greater than output (retention)

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22
Q

Causes of fluid volume excess (FVE)

A

Too much salty foods
CHF, Renal failure
Excessive admin of Na+ containing fluids

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23
Q

S/S of FVE (fluid volume excess)

A 
weight gain
edema
crackles 
distended veins
Decresed BUN/ hct
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24
Q

Hyponatremia

A

< 135

Water gain, loss of Na+

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25
Q

Causes of hyponatremia

A 
excessive ADH
Diuretics
Sweating
Loss of GI fluids (diarrhea, vomit)
Excessive D5W (IV dextrose in water)
Adrenal insufficiency
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26
Q

Manifestations of hyponatremia

A 
Anorexia
N and V
Headaches
Lethargy, muscle weakness, confusion 
Increased ICP
Abdominal cramping
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27
Q

Hypernatremia

A

> 145

Na+ gain, water loss

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28
Q

Causes of hypernatremia

A 
Water deprivation
Difficulty swallowing fluids
Overuse of table salts
Heat stroke
Watery diarrhea
Hypertonic tube feedings with no water supplements
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29
Q

Manifestations of hypernatremia

A 
Extreme thirst
Dry flushed skin
Swollen tongue
Fever, restlessness
Confusion, weakness
Sticky mucous membranes
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30
Q

Most predominant electrolyte intracellular

A

Potassium (neuromuscular function)

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31
Q

Foods high in potassium

A

Apricots, oranges, banana, dried fruit, cantaloupe, raisins

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32
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

> 5

High potassium concentration

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33
Q

Causes of hyperkalemia

A 
Increased K+ intake
Impaired renal function
Salt substitutes
Acidosis
Trauma tissue
34
Q

Manifestation of hyperkalemia

A

Nausea, diarrhea
Muscle weakness, paralysis
Cardiac arrest and dysrhythmias
Narrow T-waves, lower QT interval

35
Q

Functions of calcium

A

Major component of strong teeth and bones
Regulates muscle contraction/relaxation
Blood coagulation
Sedative action on nerves

36
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

<8.6

abnormally low calcium concentration

37
Q

Causes of hypocalcemia

A 
Hypoparathyroidism
Pancreatitis
Vitamin D deficiency
Chronic diarrhea
Alkalosis
Large amounts of citrated blood
38
Q

Manifestations of hypocalcemia

A

Muscle spasms/tingling/twitching
Positive Chvostek and Trousseau sign
Hyperactive reflexes
Seizures, confusion

39
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

> 10

abnormally high concentration of calcium

40
Q

Causes of hypercalcemia

A 
Cancer 
Hyperparathyroidism
Prolonged immobilization
Bone tumors
Thiazide diuretics
41
Q

Manifestations of hypercalcemia

A 
Anorexia
N/V
Constipation
Fatigue
Diminished reflexes
Confusion
Severe thirst, polyuria
Personality change, confusion
42
Q

Hypomagnesemia

A

<1.5

abnormally low magnesium concentration

43
Q

Causes of hypomagnesemia

A 
Malnutrition
Alcoholism
Chronic diarrhea/ laxative use
Pancreatitis
Impaired absorption
44
Q

Manifestations of hypomagnesemia

A 
Hyperexcitability w/ muscle weakness
Insomnia
Muscle cramps, tremors
tetany
Dysphagia, laryngeal stridor
Hyperactive reflexes
Disorientation
45
Q

Hypermagnesemia

A

> 2.7

high magnesium concentration

46
Q

Causes of hypermagnesemia

A

Renal failure
Adrenal insufficiency
Untreated diabetic ketoacidosis

47
Q

Manifestations of hypermagnesemia

A 
Lethargy
Hypoactive reflexes
Bradycardia 
Hypotension
Facial flushing 
Flaccid muscle paralysis
Decreased rate/depth of respirations
Absence of DTR
48
Q

Hypophosphatemia

A

<2.7

low concentration of phosphorus

49
Q

Causes of hypophosphatemia

A

Malnutrition
Alcoholism
Prolonged hyperventilation

50
Q

Manifestations of hypophosphatemia

A 
Irritability, apprehension
Weakness, numbness
Paresthesia
Confusion, seizures
Muscle weakness
Respiratory problems
51
Q

Hyperphosphatemia

A

> 4.5

high concentration of phosphorus

52
Q

Causes of hyperphosphatemia

A

Renal failure
Chemotherapy
High phosphorus intake

53
Q

Manifestations of hyperphosphatemia

A

Soft tissue calcification
Tetany
Decreased Ca+ levels

54
Q

How much potassium is excreted via kidneys?

55
Q

Which is more dangerous?

a. Hyperkalemia
b. Hypokalemia

A

Hypokalemia

56
Q

Foods high in calcium

A

Dairy products

Green leafy vegtables

57
Q

Foods high in sodium

A

Processed meats
Canned vegetables
Snacks

58
Q

Low sodium diet

A

No processed meats
No meat, cheese, butter
No canned vegetables

59
Q

Patients taking diuretics need

A

Potassium supplement

60
Q

Presence of U waves, depressed ST segment and biphasic T wave can be found in

A

Hypokalemia

61
Q

Best treatment for hypokalemia

A

Early prevention

62
Q

What should you use when giving potassium thru IV? Why?

A

Neutralizer, to prevent pain

If patient can resist pain, have concurrent administration with IV fluids

63
Q

If a patient does not have kidney function you cannot

A

give potassium thru IV

64
Q

Calcium antagonizes

A

Potassium (removes potassium)

65
Q

Parathyroid hormone increases or decreases calcium?

66
Q

Calcitonin increases or decreases calcium?

67
Q

Calcium has an inverse relationship with

A

Phosphorus

68
Q

When calcium increases, phosphorus

69
Q

What is tetany

A

Sustained contraction of muscles

70
Q

Hypercalcemia has a ___% mortality without _______

A

50%

Prompt treatment

71
Q

Thiazide diuretics retain

72
Q

Main manifestation of hypercalcemia

A

Muscular weakness

Uncoordination

73
Q

Foods high in magnesium

A

Bananas
Legumes
Nuts
Chocolate

74
Q

Absence of DTR (deep tendon reflexes) is seen in

A

Hypermagnesimia (lower motor neuro problem)

75
Q

Functions of Na+

A

Controls water distribution
Muscle contraction
Nerve transmission

76
Q

Functions of K+

A

Neuromuscular function

Skeletal and cardiac muscle activity

77
Q

Functions of phosphorus

A

Muscle, RBC, and nervous system function

78
Q

Function of potassium

A

Neuromuscular function

Skeletal and cardiac muscle activity

79
Q

Causes of hypokalemia

A 
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Alkolosis
Diuretics (Lasix, thiazides)
Steriods, PCN
NGT suction
80
Q

S/S of hypokalemia

A 
Cardiac/ resp arrest 
Anorexia
N/V
Muscle weakness
Low bowel motility
Sensitivity to digoxin
Depressed ST segment
Prominent U wave
81
Q

Foods high in phosphorus

A

Milk
Meat
Processed foods

82
Q

Hypokalemia

A

<3.5

low serum potassium

Fundamentals of Nursing (12 decks)

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