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Fundamentals of Nursing > Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of musculo-skeletal system

A

Protection of vital organs (heart, brain, lungs)
Provides framework to support body structure
Makes mobility possible
Production of blood cells (hematopoiesis)
Reservoir for immature blood cells/vital minerals
Facilitate return of blood to the heart

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2
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Shrinkage like decrease in the size of the muscle

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3
Q

RICE

A

Rest
Ice
Compress
Elevate

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4
Q

Ligaments

A

bone to bone

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5
Q

Tendons

A

muscle to bone

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6
Q

Assessment of the MS system includes

A

ADL’s, ability to perform, any problems related to mobility

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7
Q

Physical assessment of the musculoskeletal system includes

A 
Posture
Gait
Bone integrity
Joint function
Muscle size and strength
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8
Q

CT scans determine

A

used to visualize tumors, soft tissue, severe trauma to the chest, and or pelvis

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9
Q

MRI’s help assess

A

bone and soft tissues, muscle ligaments and cartilage, herniated disks

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10
Q

What is a cast?

A

Immobilizing device used to specifically immobilize a reduced fracture, correct/prevent deformities, support or stabilize weak joints

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11
Q

What should you teach the pt when a cast is being placed?

A

Explain condition needing of cast. Keep dry, do not cover with plastic. With fiberglass explain that heat is given off while cast is applied.

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12
Q

Splints

A

More commonly used in outpt settings. Often used for simple/stable fractures, sprains, tendon injuries

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13
Q

Splints do not compromise

A

Circulation

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14
Q

Braces are used to

A

Provide support, control movement, and prevent additional injury

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15
Q

Assessments for casts, splints, and braces are performed

A

every hour the first 24 hours and then every 1-4 hours thereafter

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16
Q

When assessing for peripheral circulation of a pt with a cast, splint or brace you check

A

Peripheral pulses
Capillary refill
Edema
Color and temp of skin

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17
Q

What are indications of neurovascular compromise (5-P’s)

A 
Pain
Pallor
Pulselessness
Paresthesia 
Paralysis
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18
Q

What is compartment syndrome?

A

Occurs when increased pressure within a confined space compromises blood flow

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19
Q

External fixation devices

A

Used for complicated fractures of humerus, forearm, femur,tibia, and pelvis.

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20
Q

For external fixation device, monitor neurovascular status

A

every 2-4hrs, assess each pin site at least every 8-12hrs

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21
Q

What is traction?

A

A pulling force to promote and maintain alignment of injured body part. Goal is to reduce muscle spasms and pain.

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22
Q

Bucks extension traction is used for

A

to immobilize fractures of the proximal femur and hip before surgical fixation (skin traction)

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23
Q

Nursing management for Bucks traction

A

Auscultate lungs every 4-8hrs
Reduced GI motility results in contstipation, needs a diet high in fiber and fluids. Monitor fluid I&O. Educate pt on how to perform foot and ankle exercises ever 1-2 hrs to prevent DVT

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24
Q

Low back pain patho

A

Disk degeneration is a common cause
Obesity
Postural problems
Overstretching of spinal support

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25
Medication for low back pain
``` Tylenol (acetaminophen) NSAIDS Flexeril (muscle relaxant) Cymbalta Neurontin (radiculapathy pain) ```
26
Non pharmacologic interventions for low back pain
``` Hot/cold therapy Spinal manipulation Physical therapy Massage Acupuncture Exercise and yoga ```
27
Pt with low back pain should avoid
``` Twisting Lifting Bending Reaching Sitting for more than 20-50min ```
28
Treatment for tendonitis
Hot/cold therapy NSAIDS Corticosteroid injections (most effective)
29
Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by
Repetitive hand-wrist movements
30
Treatment for carpal tunnel includes
Open nerve release Endoscopic laser surgery Corticoisteroid injections Wrist splints
31
Osteoporosis patho
Calcitonin and estrogen decrease. Bones become brittle and pourous. Bone resorption is greater than bone formation
32
Risk factors for osteoporosis
Small framed Asian/Caucasian women. Obesity, imobility Patients that underwent bariatric surgery
33
Why is a patient with a hx of bariatric surgery at risk for osteoporosis?
The duodenum is bypassed. The duodenum is the site of calcium absorption
34
Medical management of osteoporosis
Calcium and vitamin D rich diet 20-30 min of aerobic exercise Calcium and vitamin D supplements Biophosphates
35
What is osteomalcia?
Metabolic bone disease characterized by inadequate mineralization of bone. Softening of the bones
36
Patho of osteomalacia
Deficiency of activated vitamin D, may result from failed Ca+ absorption or excessive Ca+ loss. Severe renal insufficiency results in acidosis, prolonged use of antiseizure meds malnutrition GI disorders where fats are inadequately absorbed
37
What is osteomyelitis
Infection of the bone
38
What pt's are at risk for osteomyelitis
``` Older adults Poorly nourished Obese Pt's w/ diabetes Rheumatoid arthritis IV drug users ```
39
Patho of osteomyelitis
MRSA Gram + organisms Soft tissue infection
40
S/S of osteomyelitis
Fever/chills Rapid pulse, mailase Infected area becomes painful, swollen, and extremely tender Bone necrosis
41
Medical management of osteomyelitis
``` Hydration Diet high in vitamins/proteins Correction of anemia Antibiotics Surgical debridement (if infection is chronic and does not respond to antibiotics) ```
42
Contusion
Soft tissue injury produced by blunt force (kicking, falling etc) causing small blood vessels to rupture and bleed into soft tissues
43
Sx of contusion
Pain, swelling, and discoloration
44
How to treat a contusion
Applying cold packs, and elevation of extremity
45
Strain
Injury to a muscle or tendon from overuse, overstretching or excessive stretch
46
Sprain
Injury to the ligaments and tendons that surround a joint
47
What causes a sprain
Twisting motion or hyperextension of a joint
48
RICE R stands for What is the reason for it?
Rest, prevents additional injury
49
RICE I stands for? What is the reason for it?
Ice, applying cold packs during the first 72 hrs produces vasoconstriction (decreases bleeding/edema)
50
RICE C stands for? What is the reason for it?
Compress, elastic compression bandage controls bleeding and reduces edema
51
RICE E stands for? What is the reason for it?
Elevate. Elevation at or above heart level controls the swelling
52
Types of fractures
``` Complete Incomplete (greenstick) Comminuted Closed (simple) Open ```
53
What is a complete fracture?
Break across entire cross section of bone, frequently displaced
54
What is a incomplete fracture?
Break thru only part of the cross section of bone. Commonly occurs in children
55
What is a comminuted fracture?
Produces several bone fragments
56
What is a closed fracture?
A fracture where there is no break in the skin
57
What is a open fracture?
Compound or complex. | Skin or mucous membrane wound extend to the bone
58
What is a grade 1 open fracture?
Clean wound, less than 1cm long
59
What is a grade 2 open fracture?
Larger wound w/o soft tissue damage
60
What is a grade 3 open fracture?
Highly contaminated, extensive soft tissue damage
61
Manifestations of fractures
``` Pain Loss of function Deformity Shortening Crepitus ```
62
What is crepitus?
A crumbling sensation that may be felt or heard
63
Emergency management of a fracture
Immediately immobilize before pt is moved. Adequate splinting is essential
64
Patients with open fractures are at risk for
Osteomyelitis Tetanus Gas gangrene
65
Complications of fractures
Shock | Fat embolism
66
On assessment, a patient with osteomalacia may have
Kyphosis and bowed legs
67
Treatment for osteomalacia is mainly
Dietary. Supplementation | increase vitamin D, treat underlying cause.

Fundamentals of Nursing (12 decks)

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