Cancer

Question 1

Hyperplasia

Answer 1

Increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue

Question 2

Metaplasia

Answer 2

Conversion of one type of cell into another

Question 3

Dysplasia

Answer 3

Bizarre cell growth resulting in cells that differ in shape, size or arrangement from other cells of the same tissue type

Question 4

Anaplasia

Answer 4

Growth pattern which lacks normal characteristics and differ in shape and organization

Question 5

Neoplasia/neoplasm

Answer 5

Replacement of damaged tissue

Question 6

Doubling time

Answer 6

the amount of time it takes for a tumor to double in size by miotic cell divisions

Question 7

Gene expression

Answer 7

The activation or “turning on” of a specific gene to the extent that it synthesizes specific protein that influences the activity of a cell or group of cells

Question 8

Gene suppression

Answer 8

The deactivation or “turning off” of a specific gene so that is silent and doesn’t synthesize a protein

Question 9

Initiation

Answer 9

the damage of a normal cell’s DNA by a carcinogen

Question 10

Anaplastic

Answer 10

Without shape or differentiation, small and round

Question 11

Fibronectin

Answer 11

A large, extracellular, transformation-sensitive-cell-surface protein present on normal cells that allows normal cells to adhere tightly together

Question 12

Latency

Answer 12

The period of time b/w when a carcinogenic agent or substance damaged the DNA of a normal cell and when an overt cancer is present

Question 13

Cancer

Answer 13

A group of many diseases of multiple causes that can arise in any cell of the body capable of evading regulatory controls over proliferation and differentiation

Question 14

Initiation in carcinogensis

Answer 14

Carcinogens alter the DNA of the cell. Cell will either die or repair

Question 15

Promotion in carcinogensis

Answer 15

Repeated exposure to carcinogens. Abnormal gene will express. Latent period.

Question 16

Progression in carcinogensis

Answer 16

Irreversible period. Cells undergo neoplastic transformation then malignancy

Question 17

Which cells kill tumor cells

Answer 17

Cytotoxic t cells

Question 18

Which cells produce antibodies

Answer 18

B cells

Question 19

Tumors are classified according to

Answer 19

Anatomic site
Histologic analysis (Grading)
Extent of disease (staging)

Question 20

What is Grade 1 classification

Answer 20

Cells differ slightly from normal cells (mild dysplasia) and are well differentiated

Question 21

What is Grade 2 classification

Answer 21

Cells are more abnormal (moderate dysplasia) and moderately differentiated

Question 22

What is Grade 3 classification

Answer 22

Cells are very abnormal (severe dysplasia) and poorly differentiated

Question 23

What is Grade 4 classification

Answer 23

Cells are immature and primitive (anaplasia) and undifferentiated; cell of origin is difficult to determine

Question 24

The staging classification system is based on

Answer 24

Description of the extent of the disease rather than on cell appearance

Question 25

Stage 0

Answer 25

no cancer in situ

Question 26

Stage 1

Answer 26

Tumor limited to the tissue of origin; localize tumor growth. Tumor size is up to 2cm

Question 27

Stage 2

Answer 27

limited local involvement. Tumor size is up to 5 cm with axillary and neck lymph node involvement

Question 28

Stage 3

Answer 28

extensive local and regional spread. Tumor is more than 5cm

Question 29

Stage 4

Answer 29

Metastasis to distant organs

Question 30

7 warning signs of cancer | CAUTION

Answer 30

``` Change in bowel/bladder habits A sore that does not heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Obvious change in wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness ```

Question 31

Side effects of chemotherapy

Answer 31

``` Alopecia N/V Mucositis Cardiac toxicity Pulmonary toxicity Nephrotoxicity Fatigue ```

Question 32

Angiogenesis

Answer 32

Growth of new blood vessels that allows cancer cells to grow

Question 33

Characteristics of benign tumors

Answer 33

``` Resemble normal cells of the tissue from which the tumor originated Grows by expansion, does not proliferate Usually encapsulated Does not spread by metastasis Does not usually cause tissue damage Does not usually cause death ```

Question 34

Characteristics of malignant tumors

Answer 34

Bear little resemblance to the normal cells of the tissue from which they arose Grows at the periphery Invade and infiltrate surrounding tissue Rate of growth is variable Gains access to the blood and lymphatic channels Causes anemia, weakness, weight loss, CACS Often causes extensive tissue damage Usually causes death if uncontrolled

Question 35

Etiology of cancer

Answer 35

Viruses and bacteria (HPV, EBV) Physical agents (sunlight, radiation, tobacco use) Chemical agents (tobacco smoke) Genetics and familial factors Dietary (alcohol, fats, red/processed meats) Hormonal agents

Question 36

Primary prevention for cancer

Answer 36

Avoid known carcinogens Make dietary and lifestyle changes (stop smoking, increase physical activity, healthy diet) If you drink alcohol, limit consumption

Question 37

Screening guidelines for breast cancer | Women age +

Answer 37

BSE (begin in early 2's) | Mammography (Annually at age)

Question 38

Screening guidelines for colorectal cancer | Men and women age 50+

Answer 38

Colonoscopy (every 10years after age 50) Fecal occult blood test (annually at age 50) Stool DNA test

Question 39

Screening guidelines for prostate cancer | Men, age 50+

Answer 39

Prostate specific antigen w/ or w/o digital rectal exam

Question 40

Screening guidelines for cervical cancer

Answer 40

Age 21-29: Pap test | Age 30-65: Co testing with HPV and pap test