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Fundamentals of Nursing > Human Growth & Development/ Communication > Flashcards

Human Growth & Development/ Communication Flashcards

1
Q

Growth and development occurs in a

A

cephalocaudal sequence

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2
Q

Motor skills progress in a

A

Proximal distal sequence

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3
Q

Erickson’s Trust v. Mistrust (Birth to 1 year)

A

Child develops a sense of self from the development of a trusting relationship with a consistent primary caregiver

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4
Q

Freud’s Oral Stage (Birth to 18 months)

A

sucking, swallowing, chewing and biting are not only pleasurable but crucial for survival

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5
Q

Birth weight ______ in 4-6 months

A

Doubles

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6
Q

Sphincter control begins around age

A

2yrs

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7
Q

Birth weight _____ in 1 year

A

Triples

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8
Q

Posterior fontanel closes by

A

2-3 months

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9
Q

Height increases by ___% in the first year

A

50%

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10
Q

Toys at 3 months

A

Music box
Mobile
Mirror

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11
Q

A toddler continues solitary play but engages in

A

Parallel play (Several toddlers play in the same proximity but don’t interact with each other)

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12
Q

Erickson’s Initiative v Guilt (3-6yrs)

A

A child develops a sense of self esteem thru task accomplishment. Guilt occurs if caregiver’s responses are too harsh

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13
Q

Psychosocial at 3 months

A

Social smile
Responds to stimuli with whole body
Knows primary caregiver

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14
Q

Motor at 3 months

A

Lifts head and chest in prone position
Follows objects with eyes
Moves arms and legs simultaneously

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15
Q

Psychosocial at 6 months

A

Apprehensive of strangers
Babbles and coos
Observes environment

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16
Q

Motor at 6 months

A

Rolls from side to side
Sits with assistance
Transfers objects from hand to hand

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17
Q

Toys at 6 months

A

Rattle
Soft toys
Bright colors

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18
Q

Psychosocial at 9 months

A

Waves bye-bye
Mama, Dada indiscriminately
Stranger anxiety
Exhibits object permanence

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19
Q

Motor at 9 months

A

Sits well w/o assistance
Uses pincer grasp
Crawls
Stands w/ assistance

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20
Q

Toys at 9 months

A

Rattle
Soft toys
Bright colors

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21
Q

Psychosocial at 12 months

A

Imitates behaviors
Cooperates with dressing
Shows jealousy

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22
Q

Motor at 12 months

A

Walks with assistance
Turns pages in a book
Stands w/o assistance
Attempts to stack blocks

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23
Q

Toys at 12 months

A

Push and pull
Cloth books
Surprise toys
Ball

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24
Q

Infant play is characterized by

A

Onlooker and solitary play (the infant actively watches others)

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25
Q

Erikson’s Autonomy v Shame and Doubt (1-3yrs)

A

The toddler develops a sense of independence thru exploration and encouragement. Learns to tolerate frustration thru socialization and toilet training

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26
Q

Frued’s Anal Stage (18months-3yrs)

A

Toilet training. Activity is centered around the anus and buttocks

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27
Q

Piaget’s Sensorimotor Stage (Birth-2yrs)

A

The infant is learning thru all the senses and motor activities. The infant is egocentric. Everything is perceived in relation to self

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28
Q

Kohlberg Egocentric Orientation Stage

A

The stage that which is good is what one likes and wants

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29
Q

Piaget Preoperational Stage (2-7yrs)

A

Child begins ability to use symbols in language and play and continues egocentrism.
“Animism”

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30
Q

Birth weight _____ by 2 year

A

Quadrupels

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31
Q

Anterior fontanel closes by

A

18 months

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32
Q

Psychosocial at 15 months

A

uses 4-6 words

knows one body part

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33
Q

Motor at 15 months

A

Walks w/o assistance

Builds tower of 2 blocks

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34
Q

Toys at 15 months

A

Push and pull

Blocks

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35
Q

Psychosocial at 24 months

A

Understand possession
Temper tantrum
Parallel play
Separation anxiety

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36
Q

Motor at 24 months

A 
Walks up and down stairs
Climbs
Removes clothes
Turns door knob
Sphincter control
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37
Q

Toys at 24 months

A

Push and pull
Riding toys
Jack in the box
Finger paints

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38
Q

Psychosocial at 36 months

A 
Agreeable behavior
Shares well
Nightmares
Fear of monsters
Knows first and last name
Knows sex differences
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39
Q

Motor at 36 months

A

Runs well
Dresses and undresses
Jumps from a step
Walks on tip toe

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40
Q

Toys at 36 months

A 
Tricycle
Crayons
Puzzles
Books 
Videos
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41
Q

Growth slows at age _____ months

A

12-18 months. Toddlers are picky eaters

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42
Q

Freud’s Phallic stage (3-5yrs)

A

focuses on gender differences

Oedipal/Electra complez

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43
Q

Kholberg’s Punishment-Obedience Stage

A

Child is good b/c a parents says so. Avoids punishment and obeys w/o question those who have authority

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44
Q

Height for a 3-6 year old increases

A

2-3 inches/year

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45
Q

All deciduous teeth are present by age

A

3-6 years old

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46
Q

Toys at 3-6 years old

A 
Coloring books
Play house
Story time
Ball
Puppets
Clay
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47
Q

The preschooler interacts with others in _____ play

A

Associative

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48
Q

Erikson’s Industry v Inferiority (6-11yrs)

A

Self concept development, peer group activities encourage cooperation and competitiveness

49
Q

Freud’s Latent stage (6-12yrs)

A

There is a resolution of sexual conflict and investment in other interest

50
Q

Piaget’s Concrete Operational (7-11yrs)

A

Begin logic ability to order and relate experiences to an organized whole. They understand the relationship between numbers, letters, words, and time. Problem solving capabilities

51
Q

Reaches one half of adult height by age

A

6

52
Q

Deciduous teeth are replaced by

A

Permanent teeth

53
Q

Play for children ages 6-12 is primarily

A

Group, same sex oriented

54
Q

Erikson Identity v Role Confusion (Puberty)

A

Focuses on independence from the family, peer acceptance is extremely important. Fantasizes and daydreams. Experiences feelings of invulnerability

55
Q

Freud’s Genital Stage (12-19yrs)

A

Masturbation, sexual intercourse and feelings for others

56
Q

Kholbergs Social Contract Orientation

A

Follows societal law but recognizes the possibility of changing the law to improve society. What society should value rather than what society would value

57
Q

Kholberg’s Higher law conscience

A

Judgments are made on the basis of benefiting society and leading to cooperation

58
Q

Kholbergs Universal Ethical Principle

A

Judgments are made on the bases of consequence in accord with ethical principles such as justice, integrity, equality, and respect for dignity of human rights

59
Q

Hereditary factors that influence growth and development

A

Physical impairments
Mental illness
Trauma is not a factor

60
Q

Environmental factors that influence G & D

A

Nutrition

Pollution

61
Q

Freuds components of human personality

A

Id: most primitive, basic instincts
Ego: helps judge reality, regulates impulses
Superego: regulate, restrain, and prohibits actions (conscience)

62
Q

Normal reflexes for a newborn

A 
Blinking in response to bright light 
Startling in response to loud noise
Palmar/plantar grasp
Swalllowing
Babinski +
63
Q

The communication process

A

Sender
Message
Receiver
Response/Feedback

64
Q

Nonverbal communication

A

Body language
Personal appearance
Posture/gait
Gestures

65
Q

Do not use email for

A

Urgent information
High confidentiality info
Abnormal lab data

66
Q

Factors influencing communication process

A 
Development and gender
Sociocultural characteristics
Values and perceptions
Personal space
Environment
Congruence
Attitudes
67
Q

What is congruence

A

When verbal and nonverbal aspects match

68
Q

Barriers to communication

A 
Stereotyping
Being defensive
Challenging
Probing/Testing
Rejecting/Judging
Changing topics
Unwarranted reassurance
Giving common advice
69
Q

Therapeutic Communication

A

Interactive process b/w nurse and client. Helps client overcome temporary stress. Established with purpose of helping client.

70
Q

Blocks to attentive listening

A 
Rehearsing
Assuming
Judging
Identifying
Getting off track
Filtering
71
Q

Common mistakes of therapeutic communication

A 
Giving advice
Discounting feelings
Deflecting
Interrogating
Sparring
72
Q

Therapeutic relationship phases

A

Preinteraction
Introductory
Wroking (Stage 1 & 2)
Termination

73
Q

Pre-interaction phase

A

The nurse reviews available data
Talk to other caregivers who have info on pt
Plan enough time for the initial interaction

74
Q

Introductory Phase

A 
Set the tone for the relationship
Nurse and client observe each other
Assess pt health status
Prioritize problems
Clarify problem
75
Q

Working Phase Stage 1

A 
Exploring and understanding thoughts and feelings
Respect
Reflecting, Paraphrasing
Clarifying
Confronting
76
Q

Working phase Stage 2

A 
Facilitate and take action
Collaborate
Make decisions
Provide support
Offer options
77
Q

Termination phase

A

Summarizing
Allow time for adjustment to independence
Evaluate goal achievement
Achieve smooth transition

78
Q

Purposes of patient records

A 
Communication
Planning care
Research
Education
Legal documentation
Health care analysis
79
Q

Different documentation systems

A 
Source oriented
Problem oriented
Problem, intervention, evaluation (PIE)
Focus charting
Charting by exception
80
Q

Components of Source Oriented records

A 
Narrative charting 
Admission Sheet
Nurse/progress notes
Diagnostic reports
Physician order sheet
Referral summary
Initial nursing assessment
Flow sheet
Medical H&P
Consultation records
Discharge plan
81
Q

Problem oriented record

A

Arranged according to client problems

82
Q

Components of problem oriented records

A

Database
Problem list
Plan of care
Progress notes (SOAP)

83
Q

Problem, Intervention, Evaluation (PIE) components

A

Flow sheet
Ongoing care plan
Assessment establishes

84
Q

Focus charting components

A 
3 columns (Data,Action, Response)
Focus on condition, NANDA, behavior and S/S
85
Q

Charting by exception

A

Flow sheets
Bedside access
Elimination of lengthy notes

86
Q

One of the most potent forms of communication is

A

Touch

87
Q

Clarifying

A

To check whether understanding is accurate, restate an unclear, ambiguous message to clarify the sender’s meaning

88
Q

Focusing

A

Centers on key elements or concepts of a message

89
Q

Paraphrasing

A

Restating another’s message in your own words briefly

90
Q

Summarizing

A

Concise review of key aspects of an interaction

91
Q

Self-disclosure

A

Subjectively true personal experiences about the self that are intentionally revealed to another person

92
Q

Consultation

A

One caregiver gives advice about the care of a pt to another caregiver. One time opinion.

93
Q

Referral

A

An arrangement for services by another care provider

94
Q

Types of narrative documentation

A

Focus charting
PIE
SOAP

95
Q

Kardex

A

method for organizing, recording. Portable “flip over” file kept at nurses station. Eliminates the need for repeated information

96
Q

The major purpose of the hand-off report is to

A

Maintain continuity of care

97
Q

Hand-off reports include

A

Name, Gender, Dx of pt
Recent changes in health problems
Info on family members as it relates to pt’s problems
Review ongoing d/c plan (pt prep level to go home)
New meds, Significant changes in ways therapies are to be given
Evaluate results of nursing measures
Be clear about priorities

98
Q

APGAR score measures what

A 
Heart rate
Muscle tone
Skin color
Respiration
Reflexes
99
Q

Pre-embryonic

A

First 14 days after fertilization

100
Q

Embryonic stage

A

Day 15-week 8

101
Q

The development of the placenta begins in

A

The 3rd week of the embryonic stage

102
Q

APGAR is conducted at what times after birth

A

1 min and 5 min after birth

103
Q

Fetal stage

A

End of the 8th week until birth

104
Q

Height increases by _____ the first 6 months and then ____ each month until 12 months

A

1 inch, then 1/2 inch

105
Q

The average toddler grows ____ inches in height and gains about _____ lbs a year

A

2.5inches

5-7lbs

106
Q

Preschool children gain about ___lbs a year and grow about ____ inches

A

5lbs

2.5-3 inches

107
Q

The greatest fear of preschoolers is

A

bodily harm

108
Q

Warning signs of suicide

A 
Withdrawal
Loss of initiative
Loneliness, sadness, crying
Appetite and sleep disturbances
Verbalization of suicidal thought
109
Q

Social factors that influence G & D

A 
support system
violence
resources
parental influences
cultural expectations
110
Q

Intimacy v Isolation (Young adult)

A

Search for meaningful friendships and an intimate relationship with another person

111
Q

Transference

A

Patients feelings to nurse

112
Q

Counter transference

A

Nurse feelings to patient

113
Q

What are the three levels of Kholbergs moral development?

A

Level 1: preconventional
Level 2: conventional
Level 3: post conventional

114
Q

Level 1 preconventional stage

A

Primarily egocentric, thinking is based on likes and pleasure. This stage progresses toward having punishment guide behavior

115
Q

Level 2 conventional reasoning

A

Moves from “what’s in it for me?” To “how will this affect my relationship with others”. Emphasis now on social rules

116
Q

Level 3 post conventional reasoning

A

A person finds a balance between basic human rights and obligations and societal rules and regulations. What an ideal society would be like

117
Q

Which stage in intrauterine life is most vulnerable?

A

Embryonic. All body organs are formed by week 8

118
Q

The placenta functions as the fetal

A

Lungs
Kidneys
GI tract
Endocrine organ

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