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Spring 2013 / Anatomy 2 > WK9 - Endocrine System (not comprehensive) > Flashcards

WK9 - Endocrine System (not comprehensive) Flashcards

0
Q

What are the 2 Homeostatic Systems of the body?

A
  1. Endocrine System

2. Nervous System

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1
Q

T or F: The endocrine system is a Homeostatic System.

A

True

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2
Q

What is the difference between they way the Endocrine System & the Nervous System regulate balance?

A

Endocrine System uses hormones.

Nervous System uses electric impulses.

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3
Q

Where anatomically does NeuroEndocrinology begin?

A

In the brain, in the Hypothalamus & Pituitary Gland.

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4
Q

What anatomical structure does the Pituitary Gland sit on?

A

Sella Turcica on the Sphenoid Bone

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5
Q

The Hypothalamus is the “Master” regulator. And the Pituitary Gland is the “Master” ______?

A
  • The Pituitary is the Master Gland.
  • The Hypothalamus is the “Master” regulator (though it is not a Gland), because the Hypothalamus is the master of the Pituitary Gland.
  • Hypothalamus receives input from the brain.
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6
Q

What is the function of the Anterior Pituitary Gland?

A

Releases a group of hormones that are stimulating hormones or inhibitory hormones

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7
Q

What is the function of the Posterior Pituitary Gland?

A

Stores Oxytocin & ADH (that is produced by Hypothalamus)

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8
Q

The Pituitary Gland is superior or inferior to the Hypothalamus?

A

Pituitary Gland is INFERIOR to the Hypothalamus

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9
Q

T or F: The Hypothalamus is between the Pituitary Gland and the Pineal Gland.

A

True

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12
Q

What is the name for the bridge that connects the Hypothalamus and the Pituitary?

A

Infundibula

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13
Q

What does the Pineal Gland secrete?

A

Melatonin

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14
Q

What does Melatonin do?

A
  • Regulates our sleep cycles

- Identifies cancer cells (secondary function)

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15
Q

What is the nickname for the Thyroid Gland?

A

Metabolic Gland

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16
Q

What are some symptoms that differentiate between Hyperthyroid and Hypothyroid?

A
  • Hyperthyroid patients generally have unexplained weight loss, excess hair growth, very oily skin (signs that indicate body is metabolizing too fast)
  • Hypothyroid patients generally have unexplained weight gain, hair loss, dry skin, and bulging eyes (signs that indicate body is metabolizing too slow)
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17
Q

What are the different kinds of Hyperthyroidism?

A
  • Primary Hyperthryroidism: Normal TSH & elevated T3/T4
  • Secondary Hyperthyroidism: Elevated TSH & elevated T3/T4 (Thyroid is fine but there may be problems with Pituitary)
  • The point is: need to ask the question about what the root problem is? Is it just an issue with the Thyroid, or also an issue with the Pituitary?
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18
Q

TSH is secreted by? T3/T4 is secreted by?

A
  • Anterior Pituitary secretes TSA

- Thyroid secretes T3/T4

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19
Q

What is the function of the Thyroid?

A
  • Secretes T3/T4

- Secretes Calcitonin, which is involved in bone/calcium regulation

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20
Q

What are the anatomical structures of the Thyroid?

A
  • Sits on the Thyroid Cartilage
  • Isthmus connecting left & right
  • Parathyroid glands behind the Thyroid
21
Q

The Thyroid is a ______-craving organ.

A

Iodine

22
Q

What is a goiter?

A

An anatomical engorgement of the Thyroid – but not necessarily endocrine or chemical abnormality.

23
Q

T or F: The Thyroid is superficial and palable.

A

True

24
Q

The Parathyroids have how many parts?

A

4 parts

25
Q

T or F: The Thymus is an endocrine gland.

A

True

26
Q

What is the nickname for the Adrenal Glands?

A

“Stress Glands”

27
Q

T or F: Hormones and Pharmaceuticals compete for Receptors.

A

True

28
Q

What does Human growth hormone (hGH) do?

A
  • Increases size

- Temporarily increases testosterone production (sometimes used as an illegal drug by athletes)

29
Q

What is the function of Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)?

A

Stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

30
Q

What is the function of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

Reproductive system

31
Q

Cortisol is also known as?

A

the Stress hormone

32
Q

What is the function of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)?

A
  • Allows you to hold onto water.

- Causes the kidneys to return more water to the blood, thus decreasing urine volume.

33
Q

What are the two types of Diabetes?

A
  • Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1 & Type 2)

- Diabetes Insipidus (a secondary type of diabetes; onset is due to ADH)

34
Q

Explain the anatomy and function of the Thymus.

A
  • Thymus sits behind the sternum and releases a group of hormones that ultimately are responsible for making antibodies (permanent protection).
  • Thymus only works if you get sick.
35
Q

What is hyperparathyroidism?

A

Overactive Parathyroids, which could result in severe Osteoporosis (among other things).

36
Q

Where are the Adrenal Glands located?

A

Above the Kidneys (Supra-Renal)

37
Q

What does the Adrenal Cortex secrete?

A

Cortisol

38
Q

The Adrenal Glands are highly reactive to the ______ Nervous System

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

39
Q

What is Cushing’s syndrome?

A
  • Too much Cortisol released

- Patient is so inflamed their face looks swollen; often has rashes

40
Q

What is Addison’s disease?

A

Too little Cortisol, which isn’t good either (bc Cortisol allows us to react).

41
Q

T or F: The Pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine gland.

A

True

42
Q

T or F: Pancreatic disease is the silent killer.

A

True

i.e. Steve Jobs

43
Q

What are the 4 types of hormone-secreting cells in a Pancreatic Islet?

A
  1. Alpha or A cells – secrete glucagon
  2. Beta or B cells – secrete insulin
  3. Delta or D cells – secrete somatostatin
  4. F cells – secrete pancreatic polypeptide
44
Q

Describe the location of the Pancrease?

A
  • Sits almost dead center
  • Retroperitoneal
  • Neighbor to Spleen
45
Q

What is the function of the Ovaries?

A

The Ovaries produce:

  • female sex hormones (estrogen & progesterone)
  • Inhibin
  • Relaxin
46
Q

What is the function of the Testes?

A

Testes produce the primary androgen, which is Testosterone.

47
Q

The Parathyroids secrete Parathyroid Hormone. What is the function of this hormone?

A
  • Parathyroid Hormone stimulates Osteoclasts, which accelerate bone breakdown bc the body may need calcium for other uses.
  • Therefore Parathyroid Hormone increases blood calcium?
  • Note: Parathyroid Hormone & Calcitonin have an antagonistic relationship with one another.
48
Q

The Thyroid secretes Calcitonin. What is the function of this hormone?

A
  • Calcitonin stimulates Osteoblasts to build up bone by depositing calcium in bone.
  • Therefore Calcitonin DECREASES blood calcium.
  • Note: Calcitonin & Parathyroid Hormone have an antagonistic relationship with one another.

Spring 2013 / Anatomy 2 (22 decks)

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