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Spring 2013 / Anatomy 2 > week 4 > Flashcards

week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the difference between mechanical and chemical digestion

A

Mechanical: the chewing of food by the teeth before it is swallowed / the churning of food by the smooth muscles of the stomach and small intestine so that it is thoroughly mixed with digestive enzymes
Chemical: a series of catabolic reactions in which enzymes break down large food molecules (eg: carbohyrates, lipids, protein, nucleic acids) into smaller molecules that may be absorbed and used by body cells.

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2
Q

what are the four major layers that exist along the GI tract from the esophagaus to the anal canal (from innermost to outermost)

A
  1. mucosa 2. submucosa 3. muscularis 4. serosa
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3
Q

Understand the 3 MUCOSA layers of the GI tract
- what type of cells the inner layer is composed of
- what makes up the middle layer
- what is important about the outer layer

A

INNER LINING OF EPITHELIUM:
- nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and anal canal.
- Simple columnar epithelium throughout the rest of the GI tract to assist in secretion and absorbtion
MIDDLE LAYER OF AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE (LAMINA PROPRIA)
- contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and scattered lymphatic nodules
- contains most components of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)
OUTER LAYER OF SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE (MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE)
- creates small folds in the stomach and small intestinal mucosa that increase the surface of areolar area for digestion and absorption

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4
Q

the mucosa is a _____ membrane that surrounds the _____.

A

mucus, lumen

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5
Q

the submucosa consists of _____ _____ tissue

A

areolar connective

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6
Q

which layer of the GI tract is highly vascular

A

the submucosa

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7
Q

what is the job of the submucosal plexus

A

innervates the mucosa and submucosa and plays an important role in regulating:

a. movements of the mucosa and vasoconstriction of blood vessels
b. secretions by the GI tract

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8
Q

the muscularis consists of _____ tissue

A

muscle

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9
Q

skeletal muscle tissue can be found in what structures and allows for ?

A

in the mouth, pharynx, upper and middle parts of the esophagus, and the external anal sphincter.
It produces voluntary swallowing and voluntary control of defecation

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10
Q

the parts of the GI tract that do not consist of skeletal muscle tissue, are composed of what kind of tissue and are divided into what two types of fibers

A

smooth muscle tissue
a.inner sheet of circular fibers
b.outer sheet of longitudinal fibers

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11
Q

what is the largest peritoneal fold

A

the greater omentum

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12
Q

what plexus primarily controls GI tract motility

A

myenteric plexus (plexus of Auerbach)

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13
Q

what kind of cells make up the serosa layer of the GI tract

A

simple squamous epithelium

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14
Q

what is the largest serous membrane of the body

A

the peritoneum

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15
Q

what is the space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum

A

peritoneal cavity, which contains serous fluid

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16
Q

ascites

A

a disease which is brought on by an accumulation of serous fluids

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17
Q

what does it mean if an organ is considered retroperitoneal

A

some abdominal organs, such as the kidneys and pancreas, are located on the posterior abdominal wall and are covered by peritoneum on their anterior surfaces only. These organs are said to be retroperitoneal

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18
Q

what are the functions of the folds of the peritoneum

A

a. binds organs to each other and to the walls of the abdominal cavity
b. contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves that supply the abdominal organs

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19
Q

what structure is considered a “fatty apron” and hangs in front of the abdominal viscera, extending from the stomach and duodenum downward over the small intestine, then turning upward and attaching itself to the transverse colon?

A

the greater omentum

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20
Q

what is the structure that attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diphragm

A

the falciform ligament

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21
Q

what structure suspends the stomach and duodenum from the liver and contains some lymph nodes

A

the lesser omentum

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22
Q

what structure extends from the posterior abdominal wall to wrap around the small intestine and then returns to its origin

A

mesentery

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23
Q

what structure is an outward fold of the parietal peritoneum, attaches the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall, and carries blood and lymphatic vessels to the intestines

A

the mesocolon

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24
Q

internally, the cheeks contain what type of cells

A

nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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25
Q

what is the name of the lip muscle is covered externally by skin and internally by a mucous membrane

A

obicularis oris muscle

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26
Q

what is the labial frenulum

A

the midline fold of mucous membrane that attaches the inner surface of each lip to its corresponding gum

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27
Q

what nerves innervate the muscles of mastication

A

trigeminal nerves

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28
Q

what structure is located just underneath the skin and contains large quantities of adopose tissue and many lymph nodes?

A

the greater omentum

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29
Q

the recess that is bounded externally by the lips and cheeks and internally by the gums and teeth is called the_

A

oral vestibule

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30
Q

the area that lies within the teeth and gums is called the _

A

oral cavity

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31
Q

the space that extends from the gums and teeth to the fauces that connects the oral cavity to the pharynx is called the_

A

oral cavity proper

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32
Q

the hard palate forms the _____ portion of the roof of the mouth and consists of the _____ and ____ bones covered by mucous membrane

A

anterior, maxillae, palatine

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33
Q

the hard palate separates what two structures

A

the oral cavity from the nasal cavity

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34
Q

the soft palate forms the _____ portion of the roof of the mouth and lies between the _____ and the _____.

A

posterior, oropharynx and nasopharynx

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35
Q

projecting downward from the free edge of the soft palate is the fingerlike _

A

uvula

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36
Q

on either side of the base of the uvula are two muscular folds.
_____, the palatoglossal arch extends to the side of the base of the _____.
_____, the palatopharyngeal arch extends to the side of the _____,

A

anteriorly, tongue
posteriorly, pharynx

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37
Q

where are the palatine tonsils located?
the lingual?

A

palatine tonsils are located between the palatoglossal arch and palatopharyngeal arch.
Lingual tonsils are located on the base of the tongue

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38
Q

what are the three major types of salivary glands and what are their locations

A

a. parotid glands; located inferior and anterior to the ears btw the skin and masseter muscle
b. submandibular glands; located beneath the base of the tongue
c. sublingual glands; located in the floor of the mouth superior to the submandibular glands

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39
Q

all salivary glands are made up of what type of cells

A

simple cuboidal

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40
Q

T/F_the salivary glands are innervated by BOTH sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers

A

TRUE

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41
Q

saliva is ?% water and ?% solutes?
What are these solutes?

A

99.5%, .5%
a.bacteriolytic lysozyme
b.salivary amylase, which initiates starch digestion
c.lingual lipase (secreted by lingual glands on the dorsum of the tongue), which initiates triglyceride digestion

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42
Q

what nerves stimulate the secretion of saliva

A

facial and glossopharyngeal.
*this is different from when saliva is secreted due to the sight, smell, sound, or thought of food.

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43
Q

T/F_the tongue is composed of smooth muscle tissue covered by mucous membrane

A

False_it is composed of skeletal muscles covered by mucous membrane

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44
Q

the tongue is divided into symmetrical lateral halves by a _____ _____ that is attached inferiorly to the _____ bone, _____ _____ of the temporal bone, and _____.

A

median septum, hyoid, styloid process, mandible

45
Q

what is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Extrinsic:
a. originate outside the tongue and insert into it.
B. they move the tongue for food manipulation during chewing and swallowing
c. they form the floor of the mouth and hold the tongue in position
Intrinsic:
a. they alter the shape and size of the tongue for speech and swallowing

46
Q

what is the lingual frenulum

A

the fold of mucous membrane that attaches the midline of the inferior sufrace of the tongue to the floor of the mouth. It limits the movemebt of the tongue posteriorly

47
Q

children born with an extremely short lingual frenulum are often referred to as “tongue tied” because restricted tongue movemebt distorts speech. This congenital condition is called:

A

ankyloglossia

48
Q

the superior and lateral surfaces of the tongue are covered with _____. Which are projections of the lamina propria covered with epithelium

A

papillae

49
Q

what kind of papillae are mushroom-like projections distributed among the filiform papillae and are more numerous near the tip of the tongue

A

fungiform papillae

50
Q

what kind of papillae are arranged in the form of an inverted “v” on the posterior surface of the tongue

A

vallate (circumvallate) papillae

51
Q

what kind of papillae are on a tongue’s lateral margins, and have few taste buds in adults

A

foliate papillae

52
Q

what kind of papillae are cone-shaped projections diustributed in parallel rows over the anterior two-thirds of the tongue

A

filiform papillae

53
Q

what kind of papillae appear whitish and lack taste buds, and increase friction between the tongue and food, making it easier for the tongue to move food

A

filiform papillae

54
Q

the sockets are lined by the _____ _____ or membrane, which anchors the teeth in position and acts as a shock absorber during chewing

A

periodontal ligament

55
Q

what forms most of the mass of a tooth

A

dentin

56
Q

swallowing aka_

A

deglutition

57
Q

layers of the wall of the esophagus (innermost to outermost)

A
  1. mucosa 2. submucosa 3. muscularis 4. adventitia
58
Q

the entry of food into the esophagus is regulated by the _

A

upper esophageal sphincter or valve

59
Q

what are the two functions of the esophagus

A
  1. secrete mucus to lubricate the bolus and reduce friction
  2. transport food to the stomach
60
Q

food is pushed through the esophagus by involuntary waves of muscular contractions called_

A

peristalsis (this is the function of the muscularis)

61
Q

just above the diaphragm is the _____ _____ sphincter or valve, which briefly relaxes to permit passage of the bolus from the esophagus into the stomach

A

lower esophageal

62
Q

location of the stomach

A

directly under the diaphragm in the upper left portion of the adbominal cavity

63
Q

4 major areas of the stomach

A
  1. cardia: surrounds the superior opening of the stomach
  2. fundus: the rounded portion above and to the left of the cardia
  3. body: the large, central portion
  4. pylorus: the inferior portion that connects to the duodenum and has two regions:
    a.pyloric antrum, which connects to the stomach’s body
    b.pyloric canal, which leads into the duodenum
64
Q

when the stomach is empty, its mucosa lies in large folds called

A

rugae

65
Q

4 standard layers of the stomach

A
  1. mucosa 2. submucosa 3. muscularis 4. serosa
66
Q

what type of cells can be found in the gastric pits of the mucosa layer in the stomach

A

epithelial columnar cells

67
Q

what are the 4 types of secretory cells pertaining to gastric glands of the stomach

A

a.mucus neck cells, which secrete mucus
b.chief (zymogenic) cells, which secrete pepsinogen and gastric lipase
c.parietal cells, which secrete HCl (which converts pepsinogen into the active pepsin and kills microbes in food) and intrinsic factor (which is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12)
d.G cells, which are located primarily in the pyloric antrum and secrete the hormone gastrin into the blood

68
Q

mucus neck cells, chief zymogenic cells, and parietal cells collectively form ? through their secretions into the stomach lumen

A

gastric juice

69
Q

what are the three layers of the muscularis layer in the stomach wall

A
  1. the outer longitudinal layer
  2. the middle circular layer
    3.the inner oblique layer, found primarily in the body of the stomach
70
Q

functions of the stomach

A
  1. mixing waves that macerate food, mix it with gastric juice, and reduce it to a soupy liquid called chyme
  2. propelling small quantities of chyme through the slightly open pyloric sphincter into the duodenum
    3.digest proteins by pepsin into peptides
  3. limited digestion of triglicerides by gastric lipase
  4. empties food/drink contents into the duodenum about 2-4 hours after ingestion
71
Q

what are the only substances absorbed into the stomach wall

A

some water, electrolytes, certain drugs (notably asprin), alcohol

72
Q

what organ is considered the “home of all digestion”

A

the pancreas

73
Q

location of the pancreas

A

retroperitoneal and is located posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach

74
Q

what are the three major regions of the pancreas and their locations

A
  1. the medial head, located near the curve of the duodenum
  2. a central body, located superior and to the left of the head
  3. a lateral, tapering tail
75
Q

in most people, the pancreatic duct joins the common bile duct from the _____ and _____ to form the _____ _____.

A

liver, gall bladder, hepatopancreatic ampulla

76
Q

about 1% of the glandular epithelial cells of the pancreas are organized into clusters called _____ _____. What is their function?

A

pancreatic islets; they form the endocrine portion of the pancreas and secrete the following hormones: glucagon, insulin, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide

77
Q

99% of the glandular epithelial cells of the pancreas are arranged in clusters called _____. What is their function?

A

acini; they form the exocrine portion of the pancreas and secrete a mixture of fluid and digestive enzymes called pancreatic juice

78
Q

the major exocrine function of the pancreas is to secrete pancreatic juice, which includes what components:

A

water, some salts, sodium bicarbonate, several digestive enzymes

79
Q

what is the main function of digestive enzymes: trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidase

A

digest proteins

80
Q

what is the heaviest gland of the body and also the second largest organ of the body

A

liver

81
Q

location of the liver

A

under the diaphragm in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity

82
Q

the larger right and smaller left lobes of the liver are separated by what

A

the falciform ligament

83
Q

what are hepatocytes

A

liver cells, whose function inculdes the secretion of bile

84
Q

the portal triad of the liver is composed of:

A

~a branch of he hepatic portal vein
~a branch of the hepatic artery
~a bile duct

85
Q

what is the difference between the hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein

A

the artery provides oxygenated blood, the vein delivers deoxygenated blood containing newly absorbed nutrients from the GI tract

86
Q

what are some functions of the liver, aside from secreting bile

A

carbohydrate metabolis; lipid metabolism; processing of drugs and hormones; excretion of bilirubin; synthesis of bile salts; storage of substances like glycogen, vitamins, minerals; phagocytosis; activation of vitamin D

87
Q

what are the three regions that make up the sm. Intestine

A
  1. the duodenum (25 cm long; retroperitoneal)
  2. the jejunum (1 m long)
  3. the ileum (2 m long; meets the large intestine at the ileocecal sphincter)
88
Q

the mucosa layer of the sm. Intestine has numerous _____, which greatly increase the surface area available for digestion and absorption

A

villi

89
Q

the mucosal epithelium of the sm. Intestine consists of what kind of cells

A

simple columnar epithelium
goblet cells, which secrete mucus
absorptive cells, which help digest and also absorb digested nutrients

90
Q

what kind of cells exist in the deepest part of the sm. Intestinal layer

A

paneth cells, which secrete lysozyme and are capable of phagocytosis

91
Q

what three types of enteroendocrine cells are found in the small intestine

A

~S cells, which secrete secretin
~CCK cells, which secrete cholecystokinin, or CCK
~K cells, which secrete glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, or GIP

92
Q

what is the collection of white blood cells in the small intestines called

A

aggregated lymphatic follicles (peyer’s patches)

93
Q

what are the glands that secrete an alkaline mucus that helps neutralize gastric acid in the chyme

A

duodenal (brunner’s) glands

94
Q

the completion of digestion is in what organ

A

small intestine

95
Q

the surfaces of microvilli have _____-_____ enzymes that help break down sugars

A

brush-border

96
Q

what are segmentations

A

move chyme back and fourth to thoroughly mix the chyme with digestive juices and bring nutrients into contact with the mucosa for absorption

97
Q

where does the lg. intestine extend from

A

the ileum to the anus

98
Q

the large intestine is attached to the posterior abdominal wall by the _____

A

mesocolon

99
Q

the digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids is completed in what organ

A

the small intestine

100
Q

what are the 4 major regions of the large intestine

A
  1. cesum; a blind porch in the lower right portion of the abdominal cavity
  2. colon
  3. rectum, which descends anterior to the sacrum and coccyx
  4. anal canal, which is the terminal 2 to 3 cm of the rectum
101
Q

what are the 4 segments of the colon

A
  1. the ascending colon; ascends on the right side of the abdominal cavity to the right colic (hepatic) flexure (hooks up to the LV)
  2. the transverse colon; travels across to the left side to the left (splenic) flexure (hooks up to the SP)
  3. the retroperitoneal descending colon; descends on the left side of the abdominal cavity to the level of the iliac crest
  4. the sigmoid colon; travels medially from the left iliac crest to the level of the third sacral vertebra
102
Q

attached to the cecum is the _____

A

appendix

103
Q

chyme from the ileum enters the cecum via the ?

A

ileocecal sphincter or valve

104
Q

what structure attaches the appendix to the inferior part of the mesentery of the ileum

A

the mesentery of the appendix (mesoappendix)

105
Q

what are the two kinds of cells found in the mucosa layer of the large intestine

A

absorptive cells, whose main fxn is water reabsorption, & goblet cells, which secrete mucus
*note that NO enzymes are secreted

106
Q

describe the two characteristics of the muscularis layer of the large intestine

A

it is composed of 2 layers of smooth muscle tissue:

  1. an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer; the latter has three thickened longitudinal bands called TENIAE COLI
  2. tonic contractions of these bands crease a series of pouches called HAUSTRA in the colon.
107
Q

what are the 3 types of movement that happen in the large intestine

A
  1. haustral churning
  2. peristalsis
  3. mass peristalsis
108
Q

the parasympathetic nervous system influences digestion by…

A

stimulating peristalsis and secretory activity

109
Q

the sphincter between the stomach and duodenum is called

A

the pyloric sphincter

Spring 2013 / Anatomy 2 (22 decks)

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