Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Spring 2013 / Anatomy 2 > WK6 - Cardiovascular System: Blood > Flashcards

WK6 - Cardiovascular System: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

the cardiovascular system consists of:

A

blood
heart
blood vessels ( arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

blood is a connective tissue composed of a liquid portion called ____, and a cellular portions consisting of various ____ .

A

plasma (matrix)

cells and cell fragments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is hematology?

A

study of blood, blood-forming tissues, and associated disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the functions of blood?

A
  1. TRANSPORTATION of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, heat, wastes, and hormones
  2. REGULATION of pH, body temp, and water content of cells
  3. PROTECTION against blood loss via clotting, and against foreign microbes and toxins via the action of phagocytic white blood cells and specialized plasma proteins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the physical characteristics of blood?

A
  1. denser and more viscous than water
  2. temp of 38 degree celsius
  3. pH normally b/t 7.35 and 7.45
  4. constitues about 8% of total body weight
  5. average volume of 5 to 6 liters in adult males and 4 to 5 liters in adult females
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are characteristics of blood plasma or plasma?

A
  1. straw-colored liquid
  2. accounts for about 55% of volume of blood
  3. consists of about 91.5% water and 8.5% solutes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

the 8.5 % solutes in blood plasma includes what?

A

plasma proteins, including albumins, globulins (such as immunoglobulins or antibodies), and fibrinogens, as well as waste molecules, nutrient molecules, enzymes, hormones, gases, and electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the formed elements of blood?

A
  1. erythrocytes or RBC
  2. leukocytes or WBC
    -granular leukocytes (granulocytes)
    neutrophils
    eosinophils
    basophils
    -agranular leukocytes (agranulocytes)
    lymphocytes
    T cells
    B cells
    natural killer cells
    monocytes
  3. platelets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBCs called?

A

hematocrit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

By what process are blood cells formed and where?

A

hemopoiesis or hematopoiesis, occurs only in RED BONE MARROW (myeloid tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what regulates the differentiation and proliferation of specific progenitor cells?

A

hormones called hemopoietic growth factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

hormones called hemopoietic growth factors include?

A
  1. erythropoeitin (EPO / has O2 binding capabilities)
  2. thrombopoietin (TPO / creates clots)
  3. cytokines including colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

greater than 99% of formed elements in the blood are?

A

erythrocytes (RBC)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

a healthy adult male has about how much erythrocytes per microliter of blood?
female?

A

Male: 5.4 million erythrocytes per microliter of blood

Female: 4.8 million erythrocytes per microliter of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe the shape of RBC

A

flexible, biconcave disc that lacks a nucleus and other organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The cytosol of each RBC contains about how much dissolved hemoglobin molecules?

A

280 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

each hemoglobin molecule consist of what?

A

4 globin chains

4 heme groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

hemoglobin can bind reversibly to OXYGEN (to form oxyhemoglobin), this permits erythrocytes to?

A

transport oxygen from lungs to other tissue of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

hemoglobin can also bind reversibly to some of the CO2 (to form carbaminohemoglobin), which permits erythrocytes to do what?

A

transport some of the CO2 from tissues to the lungs to be expelled

20
Q

T/F

hemoglobin plays a role in regulation of blood flow and blood pressure

A

True

21
Q

erythropoiesis starts in the red bone marrow and progresses through the following successive stages of differentiation:

A
  1. proerythroblast
  2. anucleate reticulocyte that enters the blood stream
  3. erythrocyte
22
Q

hypoxia stimulates the kidneys to release _____, which in turn stimulates ________.

A

erythropoietin, which in turn stimulates erythropoiesis

23
Q

what is anemia?

A

reduced ability of hemoglobin to carry O2 in blood

24
Q

what are the two major blood group systems, each based on the presence or absence of genetically determined cell-surface antigens (called isoantigens or agglutinogens)?

A
  1. ABO blood grouping system

2. Rh blood grouping system

25
Q

T/F

leukocytes (WBCs) have a nucleus and do not contain hemoglobin.

A

True

26
Q

lymphocytes includes?

A
  • B cells (makes antibodies, protective mechanism)

- T cells and natural killer cells (search and destroys pathogen invasions)

27
Q

monocytes exit blood vessels and differentiate into _____, including ________________________________.

A

macrophages

fixed macrophages and wandering macrophages

28
Q

the life span of WBC?

A

ranges from several hours to years, MOST live for only several days

29
Q

average number of WBC ranges from?

A

5000 to 10,000 per microliter of blood

30
Q

what is the ratio of RBC to WBC?

A

RBC: WBC
700:1

31
Q

how does WBC leave capillaries?

A

emigration

32
Q

what is the general function of WBC?

A

to combat microbes and toxin by phagocytosis or immune responses

33
Q

neutrophils and macrophages are attracted to sites of infection by ________ and are active in ___________.

A

chemotasis
phagocytosis

“Neal and Mac takes a Taxi (chemotasis) to get the infection checked out”

34
Q

basophils release substances which …?

A

intensify the inflammatory reaction and are involved in hypersensitivity (allergic) reactions

“basil allergy”

35
Q

eosinophils release what to combat histamine in allergic reactions, and is effective against certain ___?

A

release enzymes

effective against certain parasitic worms

36
Q

B cells develop into __________, which secrete _________ that does what?

A

plasma cells

secrete antibodies that destroy bacteria and inactivate their toxins

37
Q

T cells attack what?

and are responsible for?

A
  • viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells, and some bacteria
  • responsible for transfusion reactions, allergies, and rejection of transplanted organs
38
Q

natural killer (NK) cells attack a wide variety of ?

A

infectious microbes and certain spontaneously arising tumor cells

39
Q

what determines the percentage of each type of WBC?

A

differential white blood cell count

40
Q

what stimulates myeloid stem cells to differentiate ultimately into megakaryocytes?

A

thrombopoietin

41
Q

how are platelets produced?

A

by shedding 2000-3000 membrane-enclosed fragments of cytoplasm from each megakaryocyte

42
Q

the average number of platelets range from?

A

150,000 to 400,000 platelets per microliter of blood

43
Q

T/F

each platelet is a small disc-shaped structure whose cytoplasm lacks a nucleus?

A

True

44
Q

how do platelets help repair slightly damaged blood vessels?

A

by forming a platelet plug and promoting formation of blood clot

45
Q

platelets have a life span of?

A

5 to 9 days

46
Q

what is a cord-blood transplant?

A

involves transplanting placental stem cells obtained from the blood of umbilical cord shortly after birth

Spring 2013 / Anatomy 2 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions