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Spring 2013 / Anatomy 2 > week 3 - have fun. > Flashcards

week 3 - have fun. Flashcards

1
Q

what is the major function of the respiratory system

A

to supply the body with oxygen and dispose of carbon dioxide

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2
Q

what happens during pulmonary ventilation

A

air is moved into and out fo the lungs so the gases there are continuously changed and refreshed

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3
Q

what happens during external respiration

A

oxygen diffuses from the lungs to the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood to the lungs

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4
Q

what happens during the transport of respiratory gases

A

oxygen is transported from the lungs to the tissue cells of the body, and carbon dioxide is transported from the tissue cells to the lungs

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5
Q

what happens during internal respiration

A

oxygen diffuses from blood to tissue cells, and carbon dioxide diffuses from tissue cells to blood

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6
Q

what are the four processes of respiration

A

pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport of respiratoy gases, and internal respiration

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7
Q

the actual use of oxygen and production of carbon dioxide by tissue cells is known as_

A

cellular respiration

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8
Q

what are the structures that form the respiratory passageways

A

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, & lungs

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9
Q

what are the two zones the respiratory system is divided into

A

the respiratory zone & the conducting zone

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10
Q

which zone is the zone that consists of those structures where gas exchange occurs

A

the respiratory zone

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11
Q

which zone is composed of the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs and alveoli?

A

the respiratory zone

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12
Q

which zone includes the structures that filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct air into the lungs

A

the conducting zone

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13
Q

what do the conducting zone organs do

A

cleanse, humidify, and warm incoming air

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14
Q

what are the five functions of the nose

A
  1. provides an airway for respiration, 2. moistens and warms entering air, 3. filters and cleans inspired air, 4. serves as a resonating chamber for speech, 5. houses the olfactory receptors
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15
Q

the cardiovascular system and respiratory system cooperate in order to:

A
  1. supply oxygen, which is required by cells to produce ATP, 2. eliminate carbon dioxide, which produces acidity that is toxic to cells
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16
Q

what is the difference between the respiratory system and the cardiovascular system

A

the respiratory system provides for gas exchange, intake of oxgen, and elimination of carbon dioxide, while the cardiovascular system transports these gases in the blood between the lungs and the body’s cells

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17
Q

what would happen if either the respiratory system or cardiovascular system failed

A

failure of one system results in rapid death due to oxygen starvation and accumulation of waste molecules

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18
Q

what structures are included in the conducting zone

A

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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19
Q

what structures are in the upper respiratory system

A

nose, pharynx, structures associated with the previous two

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20
Q

what structures are in the lower respiratory system

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

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21
Q

T/F the respiratory system regulates pH

A

T

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22
Q

T/F the respiratory system contains receptors for smell

A

T

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23
Q

T/F the respiratory system filters inspired air

A

T

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24
Q

T/F the respiratory system produces sound

A

T

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25
Q

T/F the respiratory system eliminates some water vapor and heat in exhaled air

A

T

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26
Q

otorhinolaryngology

A

the medical specialty that deals with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the ears, nose, and throat

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27
Q

pulmonologist

A

a specialist in the diagnosis and treatment of lung disease

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28
Q

what is the bony frameowrk that makes up the external nose

A

frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillae (and flexible hyaline cartilage)

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29
Q

what are the two cartilage structures of the nose

A

septal nasal cartilage, and major and minor alar cartilages

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30
Q

what is another name for the nostrils and where do they lead into

A

external nares; nasal vestibules

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31
Q

the internal nose has openings for ducts from what two structures

A

the paranasal sinuses and the nasolacrimal ducts

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32
Q

what happens as air enters the nostrils

A

it is filtered by course hairs that line the nasal vestibules

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33
Q

after air is filtered by the course hairs that line the nasal vestibules, where does it whirl around through

A

the superior, middle, and inferior meatuses formed by the conchae.

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34
Q

as air flows through the nose, does it come into contact with olfactory epithelium

A

yes

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35
Q

air is warmed by_

A

blood in capillaries

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36
Q

air is moistened by_

A

mucus secreted by goblet cells

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37
Q

how is air cleansed

A

by mucus trapping dust particles. Cilia move the dust-laden mucus toward the pharynx

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38
Q

cutting the phrenic nerves will result in what

A

paralysis of the diaphragm

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39
Q

the detergent-like substance that keeps alveoli from collapsing between breaths because it reduces surface tension of the water film in the alveoli is called what?

A

surfactant

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40
Q

what determines the direction of gas movement?

A

partial pressure gradient

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41
Q

when the inspiratory muscles contract what happens?

A

the size of the thoracic cavity is increased in both length and diameter

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42
Q

the nutrient blood supply of the lungs is provided by what?

A

the bronchial arteries

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43
Q

oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by what?

A

diffusion

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44
Q

what has the greatest stimulating effect on the respiratory centers in the brain?

A

carbon dioxide

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45
Q

damage to which of the following will result in cessation of breathing?
A. the pontine respiratory group
b. the ventral respiratory group of the medulla
c. the stretch receptors in the lungs
d. the dorsal respiratory group of the medulla

A

b. the ventral respiratory group of the medulla

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46
Q

air moving from the nose to the trachea passed by a number of structures. list as many of these as you can.

A

the structures that air passes by are the nasal cavity, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, and larynx

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47
Q

which structure seals the larynx when we swallow?

A

the epiglottis

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48
Q

which structural features of the trachea allow it to expand and contract, yet keep it from collapsing?

A

a stack of 16-20, incomplete, c-shaped cartilage rings of the trachea allow it to expand and contract and yet keep it from collapsing

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49
Q

What features of the alveoli and their respiratory membranes suit them to their function of exchanging gases by diffusion?

A

the many tiny alveoli together have a large surface area.

also, the thinness of their respiratory membranes make them ideal for gas exchange

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50
Q

a 3 year old boy is brought to the ER after aspiring a peanut. bronchoscopy confirms the suspicion that the peanut is lodged in a bronchus and then it is successfully extracted. which main bronchus was the peanut most likely in?

A

the peanut was most likely in the right main bronchus because it is wider and more vertical than the left

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51
Q

name the two types of circulation in the lungs and their role.

A

the 2 circulations of the lungs are the pulmonary circulation, which delivers deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation and returns oxygenated blood to the heart, and the bronchial circulation, which provides systemic (oxygenated) blood to the tissues

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52
Q

what is the driving force for pulmonary ventilation?

A

the driving force for pulmonary ventilation is a pressure gradient created by changes in the thoracic volume

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53
Q

premature infants often lack adequate surfactant. how dos this affect their ability to breathe?

A

a lack of surfactant increases surface tension in the alveoli and causes them to collapse between breaths

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54
Q

Lung collapse is prevented by what?

A

high surface tension of pleural fluid

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55
Q

what is the correct route of air flow in the respiratory tract

A

pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles

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56
Q

During inspiration, intrapulmonary pressure is greater or less than atmospheric pressure?

A

less than

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57
Q

Pulmonary surfactant is produced by:

A

type 2 alveolar cells

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58
Q

which type of alveolar cells are simple squamous epithelial cells that form a mostly continuous lining of the alveolar wall where gas exchange occurs?

A

type 1 alveolar cells

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59
Q

the pleurae are vital to the integrity of the lungs because:

A

they produce a lubricating serious secretion, allowing the lungs to glide over the throax wall during breathing

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60
Q

What does not diminish lung compliance?

A

factors that impair the flexibility of the thoracic cage

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61
Q

what is not an event necessary to supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2?

A

blood pH adjustment

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62
Q

What is intrapulmonary pressure?

A

the difference btw atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure

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63
Q

thyroid cartilage is contained in what structure?

A

the larynx

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64
Q

Vital capacity is what?

A

the maximum amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiratory effort

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65
Q

what are the major fxns of the interior nose structures

A
  1. incoming air is warmed, moistened & filtered
  2. olfactory stimuli are detected
  3. large, hollow resonating chambers modify speech sounds
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66
Q

where does the nasal cavity receive its blood supply from

A

the sphenopalatine branch of the maxillary artery and from the opthalmic artery

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67
Q

which nerves innervate the nose

A

the olfactory nerves and the trigeminal nerves

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68
Q

what are the four pairs of paranasal sinuses that mirror one another

A
  1. frontal (palpable) 2. sphenoidal (further back into head) 3. maxillary (under zygoma) 4. ethmoidal (at bridge of nose)
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69
Q

the nasal cavity is divided by

A

the nasal septum, which splits it into right and left halves

70
Q

what does the nasal septum attach to

A

the vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone

71
Q

where does the pharynx extend from

A

the base of the skull to the level of C6

72
Q

what is the function of the pharynx

A

it functions as a passageway for air and food, and provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds, and houses the tonsils

73
Q

what are the three major portions of the pharynx

A

superior nasopharynx (an air conduit), intermediate oropharynx (passage way for air and food), inferior laryngopharynx (passageway for air and food)

74
Q

where are the tonsils found

A

in the oropharynx and nasopharynx

75
Q

what is the difference between true and false vocal cords

A

T: vibrate to produce sound/location: lower ventricular folds of the larynx
F: just for support/location: upper ventricular folds of the larynx

76
Q

in reference to sound waves, the greater the pressure of air,

A

the louder the sound

77
Q

in reference to sound waves and pitch, the greater the tension on the vocal folds,

A

the higher the pitch

78
Q

most of the muscles of the pharynx are innervated by nerve branches from the_

A

pharyngeal plexus supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve and vagus nerve

79
Q

the structure also known as the voice box, and why?

A

the larynx. It contains the vocal folds

80
Q

what is the portion of the cavity above the vocal folds called

A

vestibule of the larynx

81
Q

the _____, which is located in the _____, prevents food or liquids from entering the respiratory channels during swallowing

A

epiglottis, larynx

82
Q

the structure also known as the adam’s apple is called what? Located where?

A

thyroid cartilage, larynx

83
Q

the thyroid cartilage is composed of what kind of cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage

84
Q

what is the structure of hyaline cartilage that forms the inferior wall of the larynx?

A

cricoid cartilage

85
Q

what are the two cartilage structures of the larynx that are involved in moving the vocal folds

A

arytenoid cartilages

86
Q

what are the two cartilage structures of the larynx that are located at the apex of each arytenoid cartilage and are horn-shaped

A

carniculate cartilages

87
Q

what are the two cartilage structures of the larynx that are club-shaped and located anterior to the corniculate cartilages

A

cuneiform cartilages

88
Q

what can be seen on the inner lining of most of the larynx

A

ciliated mucous membrane. Cilia move dust-laden mucous upward toward the pharynx

89
Q

what nerves innervate the larynx

A

vagus nerve

90
Q

what is the difference between hypertrophy, hyperplasia, dysplasia, and metaplasia

A

hypertrophy: increase in size (often seen in athletes)
hyperplasia: increase in # of cells
dysplasia & metaplasia: a change in cell type. Can be cancerous. BAD!

91
Q

where does the trachea expand from

A

the larynx to T5, where it divides into right and left primary bronchi

92
Q

the inner lining of the trachea contains_

A

ciliated mucosa, which move dust-laden mucous upward toward the pharynx

93
Q

what are the layers of the tracheal wall from deep to superficial

A

mucosa, submucosa, media (middle tunic), adventitia

94
Q

what is meant by “incomplete” rings of the trachea

A

the open sides of the rings face the esophagus and permit slight expansion of the esophagus into the trachea during swallowing in addition to providing support to prevent collapse

95
Q

the trachea is innervated by what nerves

A

the vagus nerves

96
Q

what procedures are done to reestablish airflow past a treacheal obstruction

A

tracheotomy and intubation

97
Q

where is the bronchi located

A

at the superior border of T5, the trachea divides into the right primary bronchus, which enters the right lung, and the left primary bronchus, which enters the left lung

98
Q

structurally, what is the difference btw the right and left bronchus

A

the right primary bronchus is more vertical, shorter, and wider than the left one.

99
Q

what is the internal ridge located at the point where the trachea divides into the right and left primary bronchi

A

carina

100
Q

after entering the lungs, the primary bronchi divide into_

A

secondary (lobar) bronchi. (3 in the right lung, 2 in the left lung)

101
Q

the secondary bronchi branch into_

A

tertiary (segmental) bronchi, which in turn divide into bronchioles

102
Q

the bronchioles branch into progressively smaller and smaller bronchioles, and eventually turn into _

A

terminal bronchioles

103
Q

bronchial tree

A

the continuous branching from the trachea to small bronchioles

104
Q

what are 4 changes that can be observed as branching progresses in the bronchial tree

A
  1. the epithelium changes from ciliated to non ciliated
  2. the amount of cartilage decreases and then is eventually lost
  3. smooth muscle tissue increases
  4. mucosa thins
105
Q

at the very end of terminal branches is where we can find_

A

alveoli (air sacs)

106
Q

where do the bronchi receive their blood supply from

A

the right and left bronchial arteries

107
Q

what separates the two lungs

A

the heart and other structures in the medinastinum
*medinastinum - the medial cavity of the thorax containing the heart, great vessels, and trachea

108
Q

what are the lungs individually enclosed with and protected by

A

pleural membrane

109
Q

what are the two layers of the pleural membrane

A
  1. the superficial parietal pleura (which is attached to the thoracic wall)
  2. the deeper visceral pleura ( which is attached to the lungs)
110
Q

what is the space btw the pleura called and what is its purpose

A

it is the pleural cavity, which contains a lubricating fluid secreted by the membranes to reduce friction

111
Q

pleurisy or pleuritis is_

A

pain due to friction between the two layers of the pleural membrane

112
Q

what is the location of the lungs

A

the lungs extend from the diaphragm to just slightly above the clavicles and lie against the ribs anteriorly and posteriorly

113
Q

the lung base vs. lung apex

A

the broad inferior portion of the lung is the base, and the narrow superior portion is the apex

114
Q

where does the costalsurface of the lung lie against?

A

the ribs

115
Q

through which structure do the bronchi, pulmonary blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lung?

A

the hilum, on the mediastinal (medial) surface of the lung

116
Q

where on the lung does the heart rest against

A

on the medial surface of the left lung, there is a concave cardiac notch

117
Q

T/F, both lungs have an oblique fissure

A

T

118
Q

T/F, the left lung has a horizontal fissure

A

F, the right lung has a horizontal fissure

119
Q

what is the difference in fxn of the oblique fissure per lung

A

the oblique fissure in the left lung separates the superior lobe from the inferior lobe. In the right lung, the superior part of the oblique fissure separates the superior lobe from the inferior lobe, and from the middle lobe

120
Q

which lung is thicker, broader and shorter

A

the right lung

121
Q

the right primary bronchus divides into_

A

the superior, middle, and inferior secondary (lobar) bronchi.

122
Q

the left primary bronchus divides into _

A

the superior and inferior secondary (lobar) bronchi.

123
Q

alveolar sacs

A

two or more alveoli that share a common opening

124
Q

wandering phagocytes that remove dust and other debris in the alveolar spaces are called_

A

alveolar macrophages (dust cells)

125
Q

what are the four layers of the respiratory membrane

A
  1. a layer of type 1 and type 2 alveolar cells with wandering alveolar macrophages that constitute the alveolar wall
  2. an epithelial basement membrane underneath the alveolar wall
  3. a capillary basement membrane that is often fused to the epithelial basement membrane
  4. endothelial cells of the capillary
126
Q

what are the three major processes of respiration

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation: breathing, which includes inspiration and expiration of air btw the lungs and the atmosphere
  2. external respiratoin: the exchange of gases btw the air spaces in the lungs and the blood in pulmonary capillaries; the blood gains O2 and loses CO2
  3. internal (tissue) respiration: the exchange of gases btw the blood in systemic capillaries and the body’s cells; the blood loses O2 and gains CO2
127
Q

what is the clinical connection between alveoli and disease

A

emphysema

128
Q

what is the clinical connection between pulmonary ventilation and disease

A

lung cancer

129
Q

the process of moving air into the lungs is known as_____, and it occurs when_

A

inhalation. Occurs when air pressure within the alveoli of the lungs, alveolar pressure, is lower than the atmospheric pressure.
*therefore, air rushes down the pressure gradient from the atmosphere into the lungs and inspiration ends when the pressure difference is eliminated

130
Q

for inhalation to occur, the lungs must _____

A

expand

131
Q

what is the most important inspiratory muscle

A

the diaphragm

132
Q

what nerves innervate the diaphragm

A

phorenic nerve, C3 C4 C5

133
Q

the process of moving air out of the lungs is known as_____, and it occurs when_

A

exhalation. It occurs when air pressure in the lungs is greater than atmospheric pressure

134
Q

normal exhalation during quiet breathing depends on what two factors

A

a. the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration
b. the inward pull of surface tension due to the film of alveolar fluid

135
Q

in which case does air rush DOWN the pressure gradient from the alvoli into the atmosphere

A

exhalation

136
Q

what kind of exhalation involves the contractions of abdominal and internal intercostal muscles

A

FORCED exhalation

137
Q

the area from which nerve impulses are sent to respiratory muscles consists of cluster of neurons located _____ in the _____ _____ and _____

A

Bilaterally
medulla oblongata
pons

138
Q

the respiratory center consists of a dispersed group of neurons that are functionally divided into what three areas

A
  1. the medullary rhythmicity area: located in medulla oblongata, controls basic rhythm of respiration, sends nerve impulses via phrenic nerves to the diaphragm to cause typical breathing cycle
  2. pneumotaxic area: located in the superior portion of the pons, coordinates transition btw inspiration & expiration, transmits inhibitory impulses to limit duration of inspiration
    3.apneustic area: located in the superior portion of the pons, coordinates transition btw inspiration & expiration, stimulates inspiratory area to prolong inspiration and therefore inhibit expiration; each stimulation occurs only when pneumotaxic area is inactive
139
Q

normal resting state is aprox:

A

2 sec inhale, 3 sec exhale

140
Q

when pneumotaxic area is more active, breathing rate is more _

A

rapid

141
Q

the respiratory center is located in

A

the brain stem

142
Q

how is it that we can voluntarily alter our pattern of breathing

A

(cortical influences) - the cerebral cortex has connections with the respiratory center

143
Q

what does voluntary control of breathing allows us to

A

prevent water or irritating gases from entering the lungs

144
Q

what are the functions of chemoreceptors

A

they monitor levels of CO2, H+, & O2, and provide input to the respiratory center.
Central chemoreceptors are located in the medulla oblongata
peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the aortic bodies and carotid bodies

145
Q

what is the inflation (hering-breuer) reflex

A

a protective reflex intitiated by lung baroreceptors or stretch receptors to prevent overinflation of the lungs

146
Q

which of the following laryngeal carilages is/are not paired?
A. epiglottis
b. arytenoid
c. cricoid
d. cuneiform
e. corniculate

A

a. epiglottis, c. cricoid

147
Q

under ordinary circumstances, the inflation reflex is initiated by

A

overinflation of the alveoli and bronchioles

148
Q

in mouth to mouth artificial respiration, the rescuer blows air from his or her own respiratory system into that of the victim. what happens?
A.expansion of the victim’s lungs is brought about by blowing air in at higher than atmospheric pressure
b. during inflation of the lungs, the intrapleural pressure increases
c. this tecnique will not work if the victim has a hole in the chest wall, even if the lungs are intact
d.expiration during this procedure depends on the elasticity of the alveolar and thoracic walls
e. all of these

A

b. during inflation of the lungs, the intrapleural pressure increases

149
Q

movement of air into and out of the lungs so that gases are continuously changed and refreshed

A

pulmonary ventilation

150
Q

transport of oxygen from lungs to body cells and carbon dioxide from tissue cells to lungs

A

transport of respiratory gases

151
Q

movement of oxygen from the blood to tissue cells, and of carbon dioxide from tissue cells to blood

A

internal respiration

152
Q

movement of oxygen from the lungs to the blood, and of carbon dioxide from the blood to the lungs

A

external respiration

153
Q

the actual site of gas exchange in the lungs

A

respiratory zone

154
Q

the fairly rigid conduits for air to reach the gas exchange sites in the lungs

A

conducting zone

155
Q

secretes mucus and antibacterial enzymes; traps dust, bacteria, and warms air during inspiration

A

nasal cavity

156
Q

commonly called the throat; air leaves the nose and enters here en route to the lungs

A

pharynx

157
Q

contains vocal cords that produce speech; called the voice box

A

larynx

158
Q

descends from the larynx as a single tube reinforced with cartilage rings before it divides to go to each lung

A

trachea

159
Q

major branches of the cartilage-reinforced tube that go to each lung

A

bronchi

160
Q

terminal pockets of the lungs where respiratory gas exchange occurs

A

alveoli

161
Q

single tube with C rings of cartilage

A

trachea

162
Q

paired tubes with rings of cartilage

A

primary bronchi

163
Q

three in the right lung; two in the left; plates of cartilage

A

secondary bronchi

164
Q

about ten in each lung, small amounts of cartilage; smooth muscle dominates

A

tertiary bronchi

165
Q

many small tubes of less than 1 mm in diameter; smooth muscle only in the walls; no cartilage

A

bronchioles

166
Q

air moves into the lungs because

A

the gas pressure in the lungs becomes lower than the outside pressure as the diaphragm contracts

167
Q

the movement of air into and out of the alveoli during a particular time is known as

A

alveolar ventilation

168
Q

the movement of air into and out of the lungs is known as

A

pulmonary ventilation

169
Q

the tissue that lines the trachea:

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

170
Q

the _____ controls the respiratory rate

A

medulla

171
Q

_____ pressure keeps the air spaces in the lung open

A

transpulmonary

172
Q

the gas exchange between the blood and the alveoli

A

external respiration

Spring 2013 / Anatomy 2 (22 decks)

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