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Spring 2013 / Anatomy 2 > Week 1 - Cells & tissues > Flashcards

Week 1 - Cells & tissues Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 major parts of cell?

A
  1. plasma membrane
  2. cytoplasm
  3. nucleus
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2
Q

what are the 2 major roles of plasma membrane?

A
  1. separates internal cellular components from external environment
  2. regulates movement of substances into and out of cell
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3
Q

fluid mosaic model

A

describes structure of plasma membrane

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4
Q

membrane lipids include what 3 parts and describe their characteristics?

A
  1. phospholipids (form lipid bilayer)
  2. cholesterol (straighten membrane)
  3. gycolipids (performs functions on membrane’s outer surface)
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5
Q

what are the major components of plasma membrane?

A

lipids and proteins

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6
Q

membrane proteins include?

A
  1. integral proteins (primarily transmembrane protein, ex. glycoproteins) and lipid-linked proteins
  2. peripheral proteins (located on outer surfaces of phospholipid bilayer, ex. glycocalyx)
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7
Q

what are the 6 functions of membrane protein?

A
  1. form ion channels (substances pass into or out of cell)
  2. transporters or carriers
  3. receptors (ligands)
  4. enzymes
  5. linkers
  6. cell-identity markers
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8
Q

what are the various fluids that substances move to and from cells?

A
  1. intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytosol
  2. extracellular fluid (ECF):
    • interstitial/intercellular fluid (b/t cells of tissues)
    • plasma (blood vessel)
    • lymph (lymphatic vessels)
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9
Q

how does substances move across plasma membrane?

A
  1. passive processes
  2. active processes
  3. vesicular transport
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10
Q

which process describes: substance move across plasma membrane due to their own kinetic energy, DOWN a concentration gradient?

A

passive process
Osmosis
Facilitated diffusion

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11
Q

In active transport…?

A

substances move across a plasma membrane due to energy provided by ATP, AGAINST concentration gradient

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12
Q

describe vesicular transport

A

energy (from ATP) is expended so that vesicles either detach from plasma membrane to import sub into cell or fuse to export

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13
Q

In which organelle does this occur: cytosol is intracellular fluid in which organelles are suspended and in which solutes are dissolved and is the site of metabolic reactions, transport of sub, etc…

A

cytoplasm

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14
Q

what is cytoskeleton?

A

network of 3 types of protein filaments that provide shape to cell and play roles in cell movement as well as movements of organelles within cells

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15
Q

what are the 3 types of protein filaments that make up cytoskeleton and name their characteristics?

A
  1. microfilaments/microvilli
  2. microtubules: determine cell shape and function in intracellular transport of organelles -> important component of flagella, cilla, centrioles, mitotic spindle
  3. intermediate filaments: help position organelles as well as strengthen and give shape to cell
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16
Q

organelles

A

intracellular structures that have characteristic shapes and perform specialized functions

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17
Q

what is function of centrosomes (centrioles)

A

-aligns cells to prepare for mitosis

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18
Q

ribosomes

A
  • organelles where protein synthesis occurs
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19
Q

what are the 2 types of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A
  • rough ER: studded with ribosomes that synthesize proteins destined to be secreted or delivered to lysosomes or to plasma membrane
  • smooth ER: no ribosomes, but are sites for lipid synthesis, toxin detoxification, calcium storage in muscle cells, etc.
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20
Q

golgi complex

A
  • cisternae (folds)
  • receives proteins and lipids from rough ER
  • modifies, sorts, packages these proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to lysosomes, the plasma membrane or to be secreted
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21
Q

lysosomes

A
  • spherical membrane-enclosed sacs that form from Golgi complex
  • contain numerous digestive enzymes -> autophagy (intracellular digestion), or autolysis (cell death)
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22
Q

peroxisomes

A
  • detoxify cell (important in liver & kidney cells)
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23
Q

proteasomes

A
  • detoxify cells

- contain proteases used for destruction of cytosolic proteins

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24
Q

why are mitochondria called the “powerhouse” of cells?

A

bc they produce, via cellular respiration, large quantities of energy-rich ATP molecules used to provide energy for cellular processes

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25
Q

which membrane-enclosed organelle is often sausage-shaped and self-replicates?

A

mitochondria

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26
Q

what are the 3 types of passive process?

A
  1. diffusion: down concentration gradient w/o aid from other things
  2. osmosis
  3. facilitated diffusion: move with aid of transporter protein
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27
Q

what are the 3 types of vesicular transport?

A
  1. endocytosis: receptor-mediate endocytosis; phagocytosis; pinocytosis
  2. exocytosis: secretory vesicles
  3. transcytosis: sub are moved by vesicles into a cell on one side, across the cell, then out of cell on other side
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28
Q

where is centrosome located and describe its shape?

A

-located near nucleus and consists of pair of centrioles (rt angle from each other)

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29
Q

what is the largest organelle that is usually spherical or oval-shaped?

A

nucleus

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30
Q

what is anucleated?

A

erythrocytes

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31
Q

what is an example of multinucleated cell?

A

skeletal muscle cells

32
Q

how many genes in human genome?

A

30,000

33
Q

nucleus contains 1 or more spherical nucleoli, what happens here?

A

subunit of ribosomes are produced

34
Q

chromatin is located where, and chromatin is composed of?

A

inside nucleus, and chromatin is composed of DNA and associated proteins called histones organized into nucleosomes

35
Q

what is arranged along the chromosomes in the nucleus, and what is it?

A

genes, which are the units of hereditary information

36
Q

what is the total genetic information in a cell?

A

genome

37
Q

when certain cells undergo orderly, genetically programmed death during embryological, fetal, and postnatal development, what is it called?

A

apoptosis

38
Q

how is apoptosis triggered?

A

by intracellular or extracellular agents that induce activation of enzymes by “cell-suicide” genes

39
Q

how to apoptosis cause cell death?

A

these enzymes damage cytoplasmic components

40
Q

how does apoptosis differ from NECROSIS?

A

necrosis is a pathological type of cell death that results from tissue injury

41
Q

what are the 4 major families of tissues that the body is composed of?

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. muscular
  4. nervous
42
Q

which tissue covers body surfaces, lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts, and also forms glands?

A

epithelial tissue

43
Q

which tissue protects and supports the body and its organs, binds organs together, stores energy reserves as fat, and provides immunity?

A

connective tissue

44
Q

which tissue generates physical force for movement and thereby generates body heat?

A

muscular tissue

45
Q

which tissue detects changes in a variety of conditions and responds by initiating and transmitting nerve impulses (signals) that help control and coordinate body activities?

A

nervous tissue

46
Q

what are cell junctions?

A

points of contact b.t neighboring plasma membranes

47
Q

what are the 5 major types of cell junctions

A
  1. tight junctions
  2. adherens junctions
  3. desmosomes
  4. hemidesmosomes
  5. gap junctions
48
Q

which junction prevent the passage of substances b.t cells?

A

tight junctions

49
Q

which junction forms tight seals b.t cells such as the epithelial cells that comprise the inner lining of stomach, intestines, and UB?

A

tight junctions

50
Q

which junction helps epithelial surfaces resist separation?

A

adherens junctions

51
Q

which junction prevents epidermal cells from separating under tension?

A

desmosomes

52
Q

which junction prevents cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart during contraction?

A

desmosomes

53
Q

which junction strongly anchor cells to an underlying basement membrane?

A

hemidesmosomes

54
Q

which junction is formed by minute, fluid-filled tunnels that permit passage of electrical signals or chemicals (i.e., ions and small molecules) from 1 cell to a neighboring cell?

A

gap junction

55
Q

where are gap junctions located in?

A

in some parts of nervous system, heart muscles, and in gastrointestinal tract

56
Q

what are some of the functions of epithelial tissue or epithelium?

A 
protection
filtration
secretion
absorption
excretion
57
Q

which tissue has avascular tissue that exchanges materials with adjacent connective tissue via diffusion?

A

epithelial tissue

58
Q

which tissue has a nerve supply?

A

epithelial tissue

59
Q

which tissue cells have lateral surfaces, apical (free) surface and basal surface?

A

epithelial tissue

60
Q

what are the 2 major types of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. covering and lining epithelium

2. glandular epithelium

61
Q

what are the arrangements of covering and lining epithelium tissue?

A
  1. simple (unilaminar) epithelium (single layer of cells)
  2. pseudostratified epithelium (single layer that appears stratified)
  3. stratified (multilaminar) epithelium (2 or more layers of cells)
62
Q

what are the cells shapes of epithelial tissue?

A
  1. squamous (flattened cell)
  2. cuboidal (cube or hexagons)
  3. columnar (tall & cylindrical)
  4. transitional (cells able to undergo changes in shape caused by distention)
63
Q

epithelium are classified by what characteristics?

A

according to NUMBER OF LAYERS present, and CELL SHAPES (in apical layer)

64
Q

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

A
  • located in areas subject to little wear and tear

- adapted for DIFFUSION (ex. lung alveoli) and FILTRATION (ex. blood filtration in kidneys)

65
Q

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

A

SECRETION & ABSORPTION (ex. lines kidney tubules and smaller ducts to many glands

66
Q

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

A

some have cilla (ex. upper respiratory passageways) and some have microvilli (to increase efficiency of absorption

67
Q

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

A

functions in secretion of movt of materials by ciliary action (upper respiratory passageways)

68
Q

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM

A

provides protection in areas subject to wear and tear (ex. outer layer of skin, lining of mouth)

69
Q

STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM

A 
(rare type)
provides protection (ex. ducts of adult sweat glands)
70
Q

STRATIFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM

A

(rare type)

protection and secretion (ex. large ducts of some glands)

71
Q

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

A

contains cells that may undergo changes in shape and therefore is located in areas subject to stretching (ex. UB)

72
Q

what are specialized epithelial cells organized to from GLANDS that SECRETE substance into ducts, onto a surface, or into blood?

A

glandular epithelium

73
Q

which glands are ductless and secrete hormones which diffuse through the interstitial fluid into the blood?

what are examples of this gland?

A

endocrine glands

ex. thyroid gland, adrenal glands

74
Q

which glands secrete substances into DUCTS and are structurally classified into UNICELLULAR and MULTICELLULAR GLANDS?

A

exocrine glands

75
Q

what are examples of exocrine glands?

A

sweat and salivary glands

76
Q

which glands are functionally classified into MEROCRINE or ECCRINE (ex. salivary), APOCRINE (mammary), and HOLOCRINE (sebaceous) glands?

A

exocrine glands

Spring 2013 / Anatomy 2 (22 decks)

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