WK3- integumentary system + muscles/fascia Flashcards
integumentary system includes?
the skin, nails, hair, sweat glands
skin functions? 7
-protects our bodies from physical trauma/UV rays
-acts as a barrier to bacteria and viruses
-excretes waste products
-protects underlying tissue against fluid loss, stores lipids
-synthesizes vitamin D
-regulates body temp
-contains mechanoreceptors for touch, pressure, pain and temp
the skin is composed of what layers?
the outer epidermis (keratinized stratified squamous epithelium)
the deeper dermis (dense irregular connective tissue)
both layers sit on the subcutaneous layer/ superficial fascia (hypodermis)
difference between thin and thick skin
thin skin has hair and the epidermis lacks the strata lucidum layer (no epidermal ridges)
whereas thick skin doesn’t have hair and has those features
where is stratum lucidum found?
palms of hands and soles of feet (hairless skin)
epidermis is composed of what types of cells? 4
-keratinocytes
-melanocytes
-langerhans cells
-merkel cells
5 layers of the epidermis
-stratum corneum
-stratum lucidum
-stratum granulosum
-stratum spinosum
-stratum basale
where are cells born? and what happens
in the stratum basal and move toward the surface which become increasingly keratinized and gradually die and flake away
layers of the dermis 2
papillary layer (loose connective tissue)
reticular layer (dense irregular connective tissue)
what is the nail composed of (3) and what is its role
clear plate of keratinized epidermal cells that covers/ protects the dorsal aspect of the finger tips/toes
includes nail plate, nail matrix and lunula.
the nail plate is what? and the 3 parts
the translucent, visible portion of the fingernail and lies dorsally at the distal end of the digit. can be described by 3 separate parts
root- proximal end of nail (lies beneath skin and extends into finger)
body- main portion that overlies nail bed
free edge- distal overhang of nail plate over the pulp of the digit
what is the lunula/lunule of the nail?
the white, moon shaped area at the proximal end of the nail
skeletal muscles are considered organs because they consist of… (5)
-predominantly skeletal muscle tissue
-general connective tissue
-blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
-nerve receptors
-sensory and motor nerves
connective tissue component of skeletal muscle includes (3)
-endomysium (surrounds individual muscle fibre)
-perimysium (surrounds muscle bundles/ fasciculi)
-epimysium (surrounds numerous fasciculi to enclose the muscle organ)
what are the functional compartments of the thigh? 3
anterior compartment: flexors of hip joint and extensors of knee joint
medial compartment: mainly adductors of hip joint
posterior compartment: extensors of hip joint and flexors of knee joint
what are the functional compartments of the leg? 3
anterior compartment: dorsiflexors of talocrural joint and extensors of digits
lateral compartment: evertors of subtalar joint
posterior compartment: plantar flexes of talocrural joint, invertors of subtalar joint and flexors of digits
functional compartments of the foot
-dorsal compartment: extensor digitorum brevis, extensor hallucis brevis
-plantar compartment: contains 4 layers.
plantar compartment 4 layers
first layer: the most superficial
1. abductor hallucis
2. flexor digitorum brevis
3. abductor digiti minimi
second layer:
1. flexor digitorum accessorius / quadratura plantae
2. lumbricals x4
third layer:
1. flexor hallucis brevis
2. adductor hallucis (transverse head and oblique head)
3. flexor digiti minimi brevis
fourth layer: (deepest)
1. dorsal interossei x4
2. plantar interossei x3
what is deep fascia of the thigh called?
fascia lata
where does the iliotibial tract attach to?
extends from the iliac tubercle to the tibia
the boundaries of femoral triangle and where is it located?
located in the upper 1/3 of the front of the thigh
superior border- Inguinal ligament
lateral border- sartorius
medial border- adductor longus
floor- adductor longus, pectineus and iliopsoas.
boundaries of the adductor canal and where is it located?
located between anterior and medial compartments, extends from femoral triangle to adductor hiatus
laterally: vastus medialis
medially: adductor longus and Magnus
roof: sartorius
popliteal fossa
location and upper and lower boundaries
diamond shaped area at back of knee
upper boundaries: biceps femoris laterally and seitendinosus and semimembranosus
lower boundaries: plantaris and lateral head of gastrocnemius laterally and medial head of gastrocnemius medially
thickness of skin? range and average
range: 0.5-4.5mm
average: 3mm
how does skin vary? 4
colour
thickness
presence of hair
softness
difference between thick and thin skin (measurement and areas)
thick skin
thick epidermis that varies from 0.8-1.5mm in thickness and covers the palms and soles of feet.
think skin
thin epidermis that has thickness of 0.3mm or less and covers all regions of body except palms and soles of feet
what are the 5 strata/layers of thick skin
stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum germinativum / basale
then dermis
thin skin differences in epidermis
most strata are reduced in thickness and usually no stratum lucidum
in the epidermis, where is keratinocytes and melanocytes located?
k= all strata
m= stratum basale only
types of cells in the dermis 3
fibroblasts
macrophages
migratory immune cells
structures located in the dermis 5
hair follicles
arrector pili muscles
sweat glands
sebaceous glands
nerve endings and receptors
some extend into subcutaneous layer (deeper layer)
nerve receptors in the dermis where are they located/ responsible for? 5
free nerve endings: pain and pressure
root hair plexuses
tactile disc: fine touch
lamellated corpuscle: pressure
receptive field
where are blood vessels located?
no blood vessels in epidermis, located in capillary loops in the dermal papillae and in anastomoses between small arteries and veins
difference between dermis/epidermis of thin and thick skin
thin: smaller epidermis, smoother dermis
thick: thicker epidermis, sharper dermis
what is responsible for different pigmentation of skin 3
yellow- carotene
brown/black- melanin
reddish/greyish blue- blood pigments
parts of a hair 4
shaft
root
hair follicle (surrounds hair root)
arrector pili muscles
sebaceous glands 3
multicellular simple branched acing exocrine glands
commonly pass their secretion into a hair follicle
not in thick skin
sweat glands consist of? 4
types?
what type of skin are they in?
consists of secretory part, sweat duct, intraepidermal channel, sweat pore
classified to eccrine and apocrine sweat glands
mostly in thick skin
nails consist of 3
nail root, nail body (lunula), nail free edge
shapes of skeletal muscles 5
- Fusiform – fascicles taper at each end
➢ Parallel – fascicles run in parallel
➢ Convergent – broad origin tapering to narrow insertion
➢ Pennate – fascicles insert obliquely on a tendon
➢ Circular – form ring around body opening
connective tissue structures smallest to largest
Endomysium (surrounds
individual muscle fibres)
• Perimysium (surrounds muscle
bundles/ fasciculi)
• Epimysium (surrounds
numerous fasciculi to enclose
the muscle organ)
types of mm attachments 3
Tendons
• Aponeuroses
• Endomysial attachments (fleshy)
Criteria for the nomenclature 9
Shape
ii. Orientation of fibres
iii. Relative size of whole muscle
iv. Relative length of muscle organ
v. Location
vi. Relative position
vii. Skeletal attachments of muscles
viii. Number of bellies/heads
ix. Functions/actions
classification of muscle functions 4
Prime movers
• Antagonists
• Synergists
• Fixators
skeletal muscles are grouped together and organized into specific
compartments
compartments are wrapped by bone and or
fascia (connective tissue sheets)
muscle compartments also contain
arteries, veins, lymph vessels and nerves
compartments of the gluteal region
2 compartments- superficial and deep
superficial:
gluteus maximus, medius, minimus
deep: everything else
what does superficial fascia of the thigh contain?
contains nerves, terminal half of great
saphenous vein and its tributaries;
superficial inguinal lymph nodes and
varying amounts of fat
deep fascia anterior view contains
fascia latae
deep fascia lateral view contains
contains iliotibial tract
regions of lower limb skeletal muscles
Regions
Gluteal region
Thigh region
Leg region
Foot
types of fascia
- superficial fascia (around muscles)
- deep fascia- intermuscular septa /septum
medial inter muscular septum divides
anterior and medial compartments
posterior inter muscular septum divides
medial and posterior. compartments
lateral intermucular septum divides
anterior and posterior compartments
compartments of thigh contain what components?
Anterior compartment - flexors of hip joint & extensors of knee joint
Medial compartment - mainly adductors of hip joint
Posterior compartment - extensors of hip joint & flexors of knee joint
anterior crural fascia
deep crural fascia covering muscles of anterior region of leg
compartments of leg and types of muscles in those areas
• Anterior compartment - dorsiflexors of talocrural joint and extensors of digits
• Lateral compartment - evertors of subtalar joint
• Posterior compartment - plantarflexes of talocrural joint, invertors of subtalar joint
and flexors of digits
boundaries of femoral triangle
Superior border
Inguinal ligament
Lateral border
Sartorius
Medial border
Adductor longus
Floor
Adductor longus,
pectineus & iliopsoas
Roof: fascia latae
femoral triangle contains 5
Femoral vein
Femoral artery
Femoral nerve
Also contains deep inguinal lymph
nodes and fat
adductor canal located
Located between anterior and
medial compartments;
extends from femoral
triangle to adductor hiatus
adductor canal located
Located between anterior and
medial compartments;
extends from femoral
triangle to adductor hiatus
adductor canal boundaries
Bounded laterally by vastus
medialis, medially by adductor
longus and magnus; its roof is
sartorius
contents of adductor canal
Major contents
Femoral vein
Femoral artery
Saphenous nerve
popliteal fossa contains 3
tibial nerve
popliteal artery
popliteal vein
compartments of the foot
dorsal, plantar (4 layers of muscle)
which layer of epidermis is formed by a single layer of cuboidal cells
stratum germinativum
The excretory ducts of sebaceous glands drain directly onto the surface of the skin of the
eyelids
sweat glands are classified as, are partially formed by and may extend into where?
are classified as tubular glands.
are partially formed by intraepidermal channels. may extend into the subcutanous layer.
which layer pf skin contain moderate numbers of melanocytes
stratum germinativum
which layer pf skin contain moderate numbers of melanocytes
stratum germinativum
what is the thickest layer of skin
reticular layer of dermis
arrestor polo muscles are attached to what (2)
hair follicles and papillary layer
types of cells are located where in the skin what layer
epidermis
the thickest stratum of the epidermis of thin skin is
stratum spinosum
capillary loops are found in large numbers in the
dermal papillae
what receptor Is located in the epidermis of skin
pain receptors
the thickest stratum of thick skin is
stratum coreneum
cute of toe nail is also called
eponychium
stratum basale is also called
stratum germinativum
