Wk1Ch1:Key Words Flashcards
Definitions
Pathology
study of physical changes in diseased organs and tissues
Pathophysiology
study of functional changes in diseased organs with application to medical procedures and patient care
Pathogenesis
origination and development of illness and disease
Non-communicable disease (NCD)
a disease that is not transmissible directly from one person to another.
Communicable diseases
infectious diseases that can spread from person to person (contagious).
Risk factors
known vulnerability, factors that increase the chances of the disease from occurring.
Precipitating factors
events or triggers which promote the onset of clinical manifestation or trigger.
Etiology
the cause of a disease. Can be genetic, congenital, acquired (nosocomial – hospital acquired, iatrogenic – result of diagnostic or treatment procedures undertaken)
Clinical manifestations
presenting signs and symptoms of the disease
Signs
the observable or measurable expressions of a disease; objective manifestations
Symptoms
the subjective manifestations of a disease, difficult or not possible to measure
Local
manifestations found directly at the site of disease and confined to that specific area
Systemic
manifestations present throughout the body and not confined to one area
Diagnosis
a label for the altered health condition
Prognosis
forecast or prediction of how the individual will proceed through the disease process
PrevAlence
number or percentage of a population affected by a particular disease considering ALL cases of a disease (new and old).
INcidence
number of New cases of a disease.
Morbidity
condition of being diseased; with the disease or negative outcome of disease that impact the quality of life
Mortality
death
Endemic
constant presence of a disease within a geographical area
Epidemic
increase in disease incidence in a population
Pandemic
epidemic spreads across continents
Primary prevention
prohibits disease condition from occurring
Secondary prevention
early detection and treatment of a disease through screening
Tertiary prevention
rehabilitation of a patient after detection of a disease
Evidence based practice
practice based on current research and knowledge
Mechanisms of cell injury
hypoxic, free radical, impaired calcium homeostasis
Common causes of cell injury and death (TIPS)
Toxins, Infections, Physical injury, Serum deficit injury
Atrophy
decrease in cell size
e.g. Cerebral atrophy (progressive reduction in the size of the neurons leading to reduction in the brain tissue naturally occurring with age)
Hypertrophy
increase in cell size
Cardiac hypertrophy (increase in cardiac muscle mass due to excessive workload and functional demand)
Hyperplasia
increase in cell number
e.g. Acromegaly (cellular hyperplasia resulting from excessive secretion of pituitary growth hormone and liver insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)
Metaplasia
transformation from one cell type to another
e.g. Cervical metaplasia (replacement of columnar epithelium to squamous epithelium at the transformation zone of the cervix)
Dysplasia
disorderly growth
e.g. Cervical dysplasia (precancerous condition in which abnormal cell growth occurs on the cervix)
remissions
symptom-free periods during chronic diseases
exacerbations
the flaring of symptoms
iatrogenic
diseases caused as a result of a medical treatment
chronic
lasts longer than 6 months, onset is insidious or gradual
