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Biology > Wk 4: nervous system > Flashcards

Wk 4: nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

brain AND spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

nerves and autonomic ganglia (part of the ANS)

Communication lines between the CNS and the rest of the body

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3
Q

PNS relays information from:

A

Internal: viscera, afferent nerves (IV)

External: sensory, afferent nerves

Sent to CNS and includes efferent responses from brain to target cells/organs (efferent).

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4
Q

Parasympathetic

A

“rest and digest”

conserves energy

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5
Q

Sympathetic:

A

“fight or flight”

mobilises body systems during activity

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6
Q

Somatic:

A

Skeletal

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7
Q

Types of cells in CNS

A

Neurons and Neuroglia

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8
Q

Neuroglia

A

specialized cells found in close association with neurons

(Don’t participate directly in information transfer)

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9
Q

Neurons

A

excitable cells that transmit a nervous message

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10
Q

Types of neuron cells

A
  • Multipolar neuron (motor neuron & interneuron): most common
  • Bipolar neuron (sensory neuron, eye and ear): rare
  • Pseudo unipolar (sensory neuron): frequent in this neuron
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11
Q

Four types of glia

A

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal

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12
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

makes myelin on axons

1oligodendrocyte : 60 axons

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13
Q

Astrocytes

A

Roles

  • Structural support
  • Provides nutrients/homeostasis for neurons
  • Maintains/regulates synaptic connections
  • Reacts to injuries = astrogliosis
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14
Q

Microglia

A

resident macrophages in the brain “the brains immune cells”

increase in phagocytosis after injury results from migration of cells to the injured area

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15
Q

Ependymal cells

A

provide lining in the ventricles and help produce Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF)

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16
Q

Types of glial cells in PNS

A

Schwann cells
Satellite cells

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17
Q

Schwann cells

A

divide frequently, myelinate fast and are highly resistant to injury

(Similar function to oligodendrocyte)

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18
Q

Satellite cells

A

support neurons and enhance their function

(Similar function than astrocytes)

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18
Q

RMP

A

the electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in a non-excited state

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19
Q

RMP depends on

A
  • Permeability
  • Electrochemical gradients
  • Presence of Na+/K+ on the neuronal membrane
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20
Q

Methods of propagating action potentials

A
  • Continuous propagation (in unmyelinated axons)
  • Saltatory propagation (in myelinated neurons)
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21
Q

Synapses

A

junctions between neuron/cell allowing them to communicate with one another

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22
Q

Types of synapses

A

1) Electrical: gap junction (bidirectional): very fast connection present mainly in brain and heart

2) Chemical: (unidirectional) most common ones in mammals.

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23
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

released at presynaptic membrane (exocytosis) and bind to specific receptors at the postsynaptic neuronal membrane

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24
Mechanisms to inactive neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft
* Broken down by specific enzymes in synaptic cleft * Reuptake at pre-synaptic button by specific transporter * Diffuse away
25
Neurotransmitters in the brain
* Glutamate * GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)
26
Glutamate
excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS Function: learning and memory Acts on metabotropic and ionotropic receptors
27
GABA
inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS Act on GABAergic receptors which are a ligand gated channel receptors
28
Ligands of the receptors
GABA ethanol benzodiazepine barbiturate
29
Other neurotransmitters
Catecholamines: * Noradrenaline * Serotonin * Dopamine Acetylcholine Peptides * Endorphins
30
Noradrenaline
concentration, energy, anxiety
31
Serotonin
memory, mood, obsessions, compulsions, appetite
32
Dopamine
reward, pleasure, motor control
33
Acetylcholine
motor activity and memory
34
Endorphins
act as natural pain and stress relievers
35
Brain anatomy and function includes
Dura Mater Arachnoid Mater Pia mater
36
Dura Mater
external layer which is thick, tough, inelastic
37
Arachnoid Mater
thin cell layer with arachnoid trabeculae, which is web-like collagen projections to pia layer. subarachnoid space containing CSF
37
Pia mater
internal layer; thin, delicate, tightly that covers all external contours of brain with blood vessels.
38
Structural components of the brain
Thalamus Midbrain Hypothalamus
39
Thalamus
relay and processing centers
40
Hypothalamus
* Highest centre for autonomic control * Control and integration centre connected to the limbic system (emotion, behaviour, memory) * Appetite regulation * Hormonal regulation
41
Midbrain
region of motor control, sleep/wake, arousal, and temperature regulation * Relay station for auditory and visual information
42
Pons
contains subconscious somatic and visceral centres * Relays sensory info to cerebellum and thalamus
42
Medula Oblongata
Contains autonomic centres for regulation of** visceral function ** Cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive activities * Relays information
43
Brain stem
formed from midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata * Gives rise to the majority of cranial nerves
44
Corpus Callosum
connects the two hemispheres * Mainly made of mainly nerve fibres * Function: role for lateralisation
45
Cerebro Spinal fluid (CSF) located in
* 2 lateral ventricles (1 in each cerebral hemisphere), * Third ventricle in the diencephalon * Fourth ventricle in the Brainstem
46
Cerebro Spinal fluid functions
* Cushions delicate neural structures * Supports brain * Transports chemical messengers, and waste products
47
Blockage in the blood vessels can cause
stroke
48
Ischemic stroke
there is a blocked or closed vessel 
49
Haemorrhagic stroke
there is a rupture in the blood vessels and cause bleeding
50
Cerebral cortex made of
* Blanket of cells covering the cerebral hemispheres * Grey matter * Neurons, axons, dendrites
51
How is the cerebral cortex organised
Primary (simple levels of processing) Associative cortical areas (integrate and process information from relevant senses)
52
Lobes forming cerebral cortex
Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Occipital lobe Temporal lobe
53
Frontal lobe
includes primary motor cortex * Function: motor control and language production
54
Parietal lobe
includes somatosensory cortex * Function: perception of touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste
55
Occipital lobe
include visual cortex * Function: vision
56
Temporal lobe
with auditory and olfactory cortices * Function: audition, olfaction and language comprehension
57
BASAL GANGLION function
motor planning executing fine voluntary
58
CEREBELLUM function
Allows rapid co-ordination for movement, automatic adjustments to maintain balance and posture

Biology (7 decks)

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