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Biology > Wk 4: nervous system > Flashcards

Wk 4: nervous system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

brain AND spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

nerves and autonomic ganglia (part of the ANS)

Communication lines between the CNS and the rest of the body

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3
Q

PNS relays information from:

A

Internal: viscera, afferent nerves (IV)

External: sensory, afferent nerves

Sent to CNS and includes efferent responses from brain to target cells/organs (efferent).

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4
Q

Parasympathetic

A

“rest and digest”

conserves energy

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5
Q

Sympathetic:

A

“fight or flight”

mobilises body systems during activity

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6
Q

Somatic:

A

Skeletal

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7
Q

Types of cells in CNS

A

Neurons and Neuroglia

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8
Q

Neuroglia

A

specialized cells found in close association with neurons

(Don’t participate directly in information transfer)

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9
Q

Neurons

A

excitable cells that transmit a nervous message

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10
Q

Types of neuron cells

A
  • Multipolar neuron (motor neuron & interneuron): most common
  • Bipolar neuron (sensory neuron, eye and ear): rare
  • Pseudo unipolar (sensory neuron): frequent in this neuron
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11
Q

Four types of glia

A

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal

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12
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

makes myelin on axons

1oligodendrocyte : 60 axons

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13
Q

Astrocytes

A

Roles

  • Structural support
  • Provides nutrients/homeostasis for neurons
  • Maintains/regulates synaptic connections
  • Reacts to injuries = astrogliosis
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14
Q

Microglia

A

resident macrophages in the brain “the brains immune cells”

increase in phagocytosis after injury results from migration of cells to the injured area

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15
Q

Ependymal cells

A

provide lining in the ventricles and help produce Cerebro-spinal Fluid (CSF)

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16
Q

Types of glial cells in PNS

A

Schwann cells
Satellite cells

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17
Q

Schwann cells

A

divide frequently, myelinate fast and are highly resistant to injury

(Similar function to oligodendrocyte)

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18
Q

Satellite cells

A

support neurons and enhance their function

(Similar function than astrocytes)

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18
Q

RMP

A

the electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in a non-excited state

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19
Q

RMP depends on

A
  • Permeability
  • Electrochemical gradients
  • Presence of Na+/K+ on the neuronal membrane
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20
Q

Methods of propagating action potentials

A
  • Continuous propagation (in unmyelinated axons)
  • Saltatory propagation (in myelinated neurons)
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21
Q

Synapses

A

junctions between neuron/cell allowing them to communicate with one another

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22
Q

Types of synapses

A

1) Electrical: gap junction (bidirectional): very fast connection present mainly in brain and heart

2) Chemical: (unidirectional) most common ones in mammals.

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23
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

released at presynaptic membrane (exocytosis) and bind to specific receptors at the postsynaptic neuronal membrane

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24
Q

Mechanisms to inactive neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft

A
  • Broken down by specific enzymes in synaptic cleft
  • Reuptake at pre-synaptic button by specific transporter
  • Diffuse away
25
Q

Neurotransmitters in the brain

A
  • Glutamate
  • GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)
26
Q

Glutamate

A

excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS

Function: learning and memory

Acts on metabotropic and ionotropic receptors

27
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS

Act on GABAergic receptors which are a ligand gated channel receptors

28
Q

Ligands of the receptors

A

GABA
ethanol
benzodiazepine
barbiturate

29
Q

Other neurotransmitters

A

Catecholamines:
* Noradrenaline
* Serotonin
* Dopamine

Acetylcholine

Peptides
* Endorphins

30
Q

Noradrenaline

A

concentration, energy, anxiety

31
Q

Serotonin

A

memory, mood, obsessions, compulsions, appetite

32
Q

Dopamine

A

reward, pleasure, motor control

33
Q

Acetylcholine

A

motor activity and memory

34
Q

Endorphins

A

act as natural pain and stress relievers

35
Q

Brain anatomy and function includes

A

Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia mater

36
Q

Dura Mater

A

external layer which is thick, tough, inelastic

37
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

thin cell layer with arachnoid trabeculae, which is web-like collagen projections to pia layer.

subarachnoid space containing CSF

37
Q

Pia mater

A

internal layer; thin, delicate, tightly that covers all external contours of brain with blood vessels.

38
Q

Structural components of the brain

A

Thalamus
Midbrain
Hypothalamus

39
Q

Thalamus

A

relay and processing centers

40
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • Highest centre for autonomic control
  • Control and integration centre connected to the limbic system (emotion, behaviour, memory)
  • Appetite regulation
  • Hormonal regulation
41
Q

Midbrain

A

region of motor control, sleep/wake, arousal, and temperature regulation

  • Relay station for auditory and visual information
42
Q

Pons

A

contains subconscious somatic and visceral centres

  • Relays sensory info to cerebellum and thalamus
42
Q

Medula Oblongata

A

Contains autonomic centres for regulation of** visceral function
**
Cardiovascular, respiratory and digestive activities

  • Relays information
43
Q

Brain stem

A

formed from midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata

  • Gives rise to the majority of cranial nerves
44
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

connects the two hemispheres

  • Mainly made of mainly nerve fibres
  • Function: role for lateralisation
45
Q

Cerebro Spinal fluid (CSF) located in

A
  • 2 lateral ventricles (1 in each cerebral hemisphere),
  • Third ventricle in the diencephalon
  • Fourth ventricle in the Brainstem
46
Q

Cerebro Spinal fluid functions

A
  • Cushions delicate neural structures
  • Supports brain
  • Transports chemical messengers, and waste products
47
Q

Blockage in the blood vessels can cause

A

stroke

48
Q

Ischemic stroke

A

there is ablocked or closed vessel

49
Q

Haemorrhagic stroke

A

there is a rupture in the blood vessels and cause bleeding

50
Q

Cerebral cortex made of

A
  • Blanket of cells covering the cerebral hemispheres
  • Grey matter
  • Neurons, axons, dendrites
51
Q

How is the cerebral cortex organised

A

Primary (simple levels of processing)

Associative cortical areas (integrate and process information from relevant senses)

52
Q

Lobes forming cerebral cortex

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

53
Q

Frontal lobe

A

includes primary motor cortex

  • Function: motor control and language production
54
Q

Parietal lobe

A

includes somatosensory cortex

  • Function: perception of touch, pressure, pain, vibration, taste
55
Q

Occipital lobe

A

include visual cortex

  • Function: vision
56
Q

Temporal lobe

A

with auditory and olfactory cortices

  • Function: audition, olfaction and language comprehension
57
Q

BASAL GANGLION function

A

motor planning
executing fine voluntary

58
Q

CEREBELLUM function

A

Allows rapid co-ordination for movement, automatic adjustments to maintain balance and posture

Biology (7 decks)

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