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Biology > PART 1 ALL CONTENT > Flashcards

PART 1 ALL CONTENT Flashcards

1
Q

Levels of organisation

A

Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organsim

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2
Q

Body cavities

A

spaces that enclose internal organs

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3
Q

Cells

A

the basic structural and functional units of the body

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4
Q

Classes of cells

A

Germ and somatic

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5
Q

Cell membrane function

A
  • Maintains composition of inter and extra cellular fluid
  • Determines movement of substances in and out of cell
  • Communicates with other cells and organs
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6
Q

Phospholipid consists of what two things

A

Hydrophilic phosphate heads (water loving)
Hydrophobic lipid tails (water hating)

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7
Q

Simple diffusion molecules

A

Small, uncharged and lipid soluble

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8
Q

Facilitated diffusion molecules

A

Large or charged or water soluble

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9
Q

Simple diffusion

A

the movement of a molecule directly through the phospholipid bilayer from high to low concentration

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10
Q

Factors affecting rate of simple diffusion

A

concentration gradient

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11
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

the movement of an ion or molecule from high to low concentration, via a channel or carrier protein

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12
Q

Factors affecting rate of facilitated diffusion

A

concentration gradient

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13
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water

Water is water soluble: use a channel (aquaporin) to cross membrane

Move from high to low water concentration

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14
Q

Active transport

A

the movement of a molecule from an area of low to high concentration, via a channel or carrier protein

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15
Q

Factors affecting rate of active transport

A

Availability of ATP

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16
Q

Exocytosis

A

the release of fluids and/or solids from the cell via intracellular vesicles. ATP is required

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17
Q

Receptor-mediated transport

A

Target molecules bind to receptor proteins on the membrane surface triggering vesicle formation

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18
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Vesicles form at the membrane and bring fluids and small molecules into the cell

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19
Q

Phagocytosis

A

SOLID Vesicles form at the membrane to bring solid particles into the cell

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20
Q

Tonicity

A

the capability of a solution to modify the volume of cells by altering their water content

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21
Q

Vesicle

A

Membrane enclosed sac used to take in, transport and secrete substances in & out of cell

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22
Q

RER

A

protein synthesis

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23
Q

SER

A

metabolic processes, including synthesis of lipids and steroids, metabolism of carbohydrates

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24
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Storage, alteration and packing of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes

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25
Direct communication
Physical contact Gap junction
26
Indirect communication
No direct contact Requires messanger molecule
27
Autocrine
Messenger molecule remains in interstitial fluid and act on the same cell
28
Paracrine
Messenger molecule remains in interstitial fluid and act on a different cell
29
Neurotransmission
Secretion of a neurotransmitter by a neuron to act on target cells
30
Endocrine
Endocrine signal (hormone) released into bloodstream and travels to target cell
31
Neurocrine
Neurocrine signal (hormone) released into bloodstream and travels to target cell
32
Neurotransmission characteristics
Neurotransmitter Synapses Onset of action in miliseconds Duration of action is short
33
Neurosecretion characteristics
Neurohormone Blood Onset of action seconds to days Duration of action is longer
34
Hormone roles in regulating
Metabolism and energy balance Contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle cells Immune system response
35
Target cell response to a hormone is based on
The hormone’s concentration in the blood The number of hormone receptors on the target cell
36
DNA
Double stranded helix and has 4 bases Coiled into histones and placed in chromosome
37
Ligand Receptors
Specific proteins that function when a specific molecule binds to the receptors
38
Chromosome
Long DNA molecule
38
Gene
Unit of heredity
39
Allele
Specific DNA sequence at a gene locus * Two alleles per gene * Homozygous: identical alleles * Heterozygous: different alleles
39
Number of chromosomes mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis: 46 Meiosis: 23
40
Genetically identical mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis: yes Meiosis: no
40
Transcription occurs where
Nucleus
40
Function mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis: replace body cells Meiosis: make gametes
41
Number of daughter cells mitosis and meiosis
Mitosis: 2 Meiosis: 4
42
Transcription process
RNA polymerase connects RNA bases to the DNA RNA bases bond together to form mRNA
43
Translation where
Cytoplasm
44
Translation process
MRNA attaches to a ribosome TRNA's anticodon pairs complementary codon on mRNA to go with amino acids
45
Mutations
Change in DNA sequence of a gene
46
Possible loss or gain of 1+ nucleotides
* Change in reading frame of gene * Early stop codon * Wrong protein produced * Protein cant function
46
Glycolysis where
Cytosol
47
Mutation outcomes
* Functional protein produced (no change) * Protein produced doesn't work as well * Protein cannot function or produce insufficient amount
48
Anabolism
small to big
49
Krebs where
Matrix of mitochondria
49
Krebs process
Acetyl coenzyme A -> CO2 and H2
49
Glycolysis process
Glycogen -> glucose -> pyruvic acid -> acetyl coenzyme A
50
ETC where
Inner mitochndrial matrix
51
ETC process
H2 + O2 -> H2O End products: CO2 and H2O
52
Epithelial tissue characteristics
Avascular Cells tightly packed No extracellular matrix
53
Epithelial tissue functions
COVER * Protection, * Absorption * Filtration
54
Connective tissue characteristics
Highly vascular Few cells Surrounded by extracellular matrix & contain ground substance
55
Connective tissue functions
SUPPORTS * Support and bind other tissues * Provide insulation and protection (organs)
56
Nervous tissue types
* Neurons (nerve cells) * Neuroglia (support cells)
56
Nervous tissue function
Communication and control
56
Muscle tissue function
Contraction
57
Mucous membrane
Tracts Open to outside of the body (moist membrane) Supports absorption and secretion
57
Cutaneous membrane
Skin
57
Ground substance
Material between the cells
58
Serous membrane
Line body cavities
59
Efferent
Information flows away from the control centre
59
Synovial membrane
Line freely moveable joints
60
Homeostasis
Condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes
61
Afferent
Information flows towards the control centre
62
Parasympathetic
rest and digest
63
Sympathetic
fight and flight
64
Types of neuron cells
* Multipolar neuron (motor neuron & interneuron): most common * Bipolar neuron (sensory neuron, eye and ear): rare * Pseudo unipolar (sensory neuron): frequent in this neuron
65
RMP
The electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in a non-excited state
65
RMP depends on
* Permeability (anions such as protein can’t go through) * Electrochemical gradients (e.g. charge and concentration of ions) * Presence of Na+/K+ on the neuronal membrane.
66
Hyperpolarisation
1) Voltage gated potassium channels take time to close 2) K+ ions continue to leave the neuron 3) Membrane potential drops below the RMP (-70 mV) until it reaches around -90 mV
66
Repolarisation
1) Membrane reaches a certain potential (around +30 to 40 mV) 2) Voltage gated K+ channels open 3) Leads to the exit of K+ out of the cell (decrease membrane potential)
66
Depolarisation
1) Voltage gated sodium (Na+) channels open in the neuronal membrane 2) Sodium flows into the cell 3) This brings positive electrical charge (increases membrane potential)
67
Types of synapse
1) Electrical: gap junction (bidirectional): very fast connection present mainly in brain and heart 2) Chemical: (unidirectional) most common ones in mammals
67
Reflex
involuntary, fast and automatic response to a specific sensory stimulus

Biology (7 decks)

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