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Biology > PART 1 ALL CONTENT > Flashcards

PART 1 ALL CONTENT Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Levels of organisation

A

Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organsim

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2
Q

Body cavities

A

spaces that enclose internal organs

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3
Q

Cells

A

the basic structural and functional units of the body

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4
Q

Classes of cells

A

Germ and somatic

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5
Q

Cell membrane function

A
  • Maintains composition of inter and extra cellular fluid
  • Determines movement of substances in and out of cell
  • Communicates with other cells and organs
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6
Q

Phospholipid consists of what two things

A

Hydrophilic phosphate heads (water loving)
Hydrophobic lipid tails (water hating)

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7
Q

Simple diffusion molecules

A

Small, uncharged and lipid soluble

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8
Q

Facilitated diffusion molecules

A

Large or charged or water soluble

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9
Q

Simple diffusion

A

the movement of a molecule directly through the phospholipid bilayer from high to low concentration

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10
Q

Factors affecting rate of simple diffusion

A

concentration gradient

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11
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

the movement of an ion or molecule from high to low concentration, via a channel or carrier protein

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12
Q

Factors affecting rate of facilitated diffusion

A

concentration gradient

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13
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water

Water is water soluble: use a channel (aquaporin) to cross membrane

Move from high to low water concentration

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14
Q

Active transport

A

the movement of a molecule from an area of low to high concentration, via a channel or carrier protein

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15
Q

Factors affecting rate of active transport

A

Availability of ATP

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16
Q

Exocytosis

A

the release of fluids and/or solids from the cell via intracellular vesicles. ATP is required

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17
Q

Receptor-mediated transport

A

Target molecules bind to receptor proteins on the membrane surface triggering vesicle formation

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18
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Vesicles form at the membrane and bring fluids and small molecules into the cell

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19
Q

Phagocytosis

A

SOLID Vesicles form at the membrane to bring solid particles into the cell

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20
Q

Tonicity

A

the capability of a solution to modify the volume of cells by altering their water content

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21
Q

Vesicle

A

Membrane enclosed sac used to take in, transport and secrete substances in & out of cell

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22
Q

RER

A

protein synthesis

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23
Q

SER

A

metabolic processes, including synthesis of lipids and steroids, metabolism of carbohydrates

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24
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Storage, alteration and packing of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes

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25
Q

Direct communication

A

Physical contact
Gap junction

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26
Q

Indirect communication

A

No direct contact
Requires messanger molecule

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27
Q

Autocrine

A

Messenger molecule remains in interstitial fluid and act on the same cell

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28
Q

Paracrine

A

Messenger molecule remains in interstitial fluid and act on a different cell

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29
Q

Neurotransmission

A

Secretion of a neurotransmitter by a neuron to act on target cells

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30
Q

Endocrine

A

Endocrine signal (hormone) released into bloodstream and travels to target cell

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31
Q

Neurocrine

A

Neurocrine signal (hormone) released into bloodstream and travels to target cell

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32
Q

Neurotransmission characteristics

A

Neurotransmitter

Synapses

Onset of action in miliseconds

Duration of action is short

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33
Q

Neurosecretion characteristics

A

Neurohormone

Blood

Onset of action seconds to days

Duration of action is longer

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34
Q

Hormone roles in regulating

A

Metabolism and energy balance

Contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle cells
Immune system response

35
Q

Target cell response to a hormone is based on

A

The hormone’s concentration in the blood

The number of hormone receptors on the target cell

36
Q

DNA

A

Double stranded helix and has 4 bases

Coiled into histones and placed in chromosome

37
Q

Ligand Receptors

A

Specific proteins that function when a specific molecule binds to the receptors

38
Q

Chromosome

A

Long DNA molecule

38
Q

Gene

A

Unit of heredity

39
Q

Allele

A

Specific DNA sequence at a gene locus

  • Two alleles per gene
  • Homozygous: identical alleles
  • Heterozygous: different alleles
39
Q

Number of chromosomes mitosis and meiosis

A

Mitosis: 46

Meiosis: 23

40
Q

Genetically identical mitosis and meiosis

A

Mitosis: yes

Meiosis: no

40
Q

Transcription occurs where

A

Nucleus

40
Q

Function mitosis and meiosis

A

Mitosis: replace body cells

Meiosis: make gametes

41
Q

Number of daughter cells mitosis and meiosis

A

Mitosis: 2

Meiosis: 4

42
Q

Transcription process

A

RNA polymerase connects RNA bases to the DNA

RNA bases bond together to form mRNA

43
Q

Translation where

A

Cytoplasm

44
Q

Translation process

A

MRNA attaches to a ribosome

TRNA’s anticodon pairs complementary codon on mRNA to go with amino acids

45
Q

Mutations

A

Change in DNA sequence of a gene

46
Q

Possible loss or gain of 1+ nucleotides

A
  • Change in reading frame of gene
  • Early stop codon
  • Wrong protein produced
  • Protein cant function
46
Q

Glycolysis where

A

Cytosol

47
Q

Mutation outcomes

A
  • Functional protein produced (no change)
  • Protein produced doesn’t work as well
  • Protein cannot function or produce insufficient amount
48
Q

Anabolism

A

small to big

49
Q

Krebs where

A

Matrix of mitochondria

49
Q

Krebs process

A

Acetyl coenzyme A -> CO2 and H2

49
Q

Glycolysis process

A

Glycogen -> glucose -> pyruvic acid -> acetyl coenzyme A

50
Q

ETC where

A

Inner mitochndrial matrix

51
Q

ETC process

A

H2 + O2 -> H2O

End products: CO2 and H2O

52
Q

Epithelial tissue characteristics

A

Avascular
Cells tightly packed
No extracellular matrix

53
Q

Epithelial tissue functions

A

COVER

  • Protection,
  • Absorption
  • Filtration
54
Q

Connective tissue characteristics

A

Highly vascular
Few cells
Surrounded by extracellular matrix & contain ground substance

55
Q

Connective tissue functions

A

SUPPORTS

  • Support and bind other tissues
  • Provide insulation and protection (organs)
56
Q

Nervous tissue types

A
  • Neurons (nerve cells)
  • Neuroglia (support cells)
56
Q

Nervous tissue function

A

Communication and control

56
Q

Muscle tissue function

A

Contraction

57
Q

Mucous membrane

A

Tracts

Open to outside of the body (moist membrane)

Supports absorption and secretion

57
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

Skin

57
Q

Ground substance

A

Material between the cells

58
Q

Serous membrane

A

Line body cavities

59
Q

Efferent

A

Information flows away from the control centre

59
Q

Synovial membrane

A

Line freely moveable joints

60
Q

Homeostasis

A

Condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes

61
Q

Afferent

A

Information flows towards the control centre

62
Q

Parasympathetic

A

rest and digest

63
Q

Sympathetic

A

fight and flight

64
Q

Types of neuron cells

A
  • Multipolar neuron (motor neuron & interneuron): most common
  • Bipolar neuron (sensory neuron, eye and ear): rare
  • Pseudo unipolar (sensory neuron): frequent in this neuron
65
Q

RMP

A

The electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in a non-excited state

65
Q

RMP depends on

A
  • Permeability (anions such as protein can’t go through)
  • Electrochemical gradients (e.g. charge and concentration of ions)
  • Presence of Na+/K+ on the neuronal membrane.
66
Q

Hyperpolarisation

A

1) Voltage gated potassium channels take time to close

2) K+ ions continue to leave the neuron

3) Membrane potential drops below the RMP (-70 mV) until it reaches around -90 mV

66
Q

Repolarisation

A

1) Membrane reaches a certain potential (around +30 to 40 mV)

2) Voltage gated K+ channels open

3) Leads to the exit of K+ out of the cell (decrease membrane potential)

66
Q

Depolarisation

A

1) Voltage gated sodium (Na+) channels open in the neuronal membrane

2) Sodium flows into the cell

3) This brings positive electrical charge (increases membrane potential)

67
Q

Types of synapse

A

1) Electrical: gap junction (bidirectional): very fast connection present mainly in brain and heart

2) Chemical: (unidirectional) most common ones in mammals

67
Q

Reflex

A

involuntary, fast and automatic response to a specific sensory stimulus

Biology (7 decks)

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