Wk 2: comm & genetics Flashcards

1
Q

Codominance

A
  • Two alleles are dominant over a recessive allele
  • When both dominant alleles present, both phenotypes are expressed

Example human ABO blood groups

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2
Q

Mutation is lethal

A

when desired protein product is not produced

  • Cannot perform correct function
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3
Q

Mutation is unlethal

A

stays in population as new allele

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4
Q

Possible loss or gain of 1+ nucleotides

A
  • Change in** reading frame **of gene: protein cannot function
  • Wrong protein produced and early stop codon
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5
Q

Mutations

A
  • Change in DNA sequence of a gene: new allele
  • Single or multiple nucleotide change/swap
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6
Q

Outcomes of Mutations

A
  • Functional protein produced (no change)
  • Protein produced doesn’t work as well
  • Protein cannot function or produce insufficient amount
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7
Q

Hormone roles in regulating

A

Contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle cells

Glandular secretions

Immune system response

Control growth and development

Regulation of reproductive systems

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8
Q

Target cell response to a hormone is based on

A

The hormone’s concentration in the blood

The number of hormone receptors on the target cell

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9
Q

Synergistic

A

enhance action of another hormone

Eg) glucagon and adrenaline: both raise blood glucose

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10
Q

Antagonistic

A

oppose action of another hormone

Eg) glucagon raises blood glucose; insulin reduces it

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11
Q
A

Hormones are secreted in short bursts when needed. Secretion is regulated by

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12
Q
A

Signals from the nervous system

Chemical changes in the blood/cells

Other hormones

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13
Q

Water soluble hormones

A

can travel into a watery liquid

Type of hormone: amine, peptides (insulin/glucagon)

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14
Q

Lipid soluble hormone

A

can travel through structure such as membrane

Type of hormone: steroid and thyroid

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15
Q

Ligand Receptors

A

specific proteins that function when a specific molecule binds to the receptors

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16
Q

When ligand binds

A

the receptor can change conformation

17
Q

Ligand binding can cause

A

Metabotropic: transmitting a signal into the cell

Ionotropic: open a channel for molecules to go through

18
Q

DNA

A

double stranded helix and has 4 bases

Coiled into histones and placed in chromosome

Chromosome = a long DNA molecule

Bases: complementary pairing

  • Adenosine and thymine
  • Guanine and cytosine
19
Q

DNA and nucleotide sections

A
  • Phosphate group
  • Deoxyribose sugar
  • Nitrogen-containing base
  • Nucleotide pairs joined by hydrogen bonds
20
Q

Gene

A

unit of heredity

  • specific location on chromosome
  • codes for a specific protein or enzyme to be made
21
Q

Allele

A

specific DNA sequence at a gene locus

  • Homozygous: identical alleles
  • Heterozygous: different alleles
22
Q

Genotype

A

the two alleles an individual has at a gene locus (genetic makeup BB, Bb)

23
Q

Phenotype

A

the observable expression of the two alleles

(can be effected by interaction with the environment)

24
Q

Sex-chromosome

A
  • chromosome pair 23
  • XX (females) and XY (males)
25
Cell division
* Process by which cells reproduce themselves
26
Mitosis
replaces somatic/body cells cell produces two identical copies of it
27
Meiosis
forms gametes in ovaries and testes
28
Prophase
Chromosomes condense & become visible Spindle fibres emerge from centrosomes Nuclear envelope breaks down Centronomes move towards opposite poles
29
Prometaphase
Chromosomes condense Kinetochores appear on centromeres Mitotic spindle microtubules attatch to kinechores
30
Metaphase
Chromosomes line up at metaphase plate Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fibre originating from opposite poles
31
Anaphase
Centromeres split in two Sister chromatids pulled to opposite poles Spindle fibres elongate cell
32
Telophase
Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and de condense Nuclear envolope material surrounds each set of chromosomes Mitotic spindle breaks down Spindle fibres push poles apart
33
Cytokinesis
Animal cell: cleavage furrow seperates daughter cells Plant cell: cell plate seperates