Wk 3: metab & respiration Flashcards
Catabolic reactions
- Breakdown larger/complex organic molecules into smaller ones
- Release energy: produce more energy than they use (exergonic)
Anabolic reactions
- Use simple molecules/monomers to make larger organic molecules
- Consume energy: use more energy than they produce (endergonic)
Adenosine triphosphate
transfers energy released from exergonic (catabolic) reactions to power endergonic (energy requiring) reactions
ATP structure
Three phosphate groups attached to adenosine
Energy is stored in the phosphate bonds
Cellular respiration
the oxidation of glucose to produce ATP
OVERALL Cellular respiration
- Glycolysis: 2 ATP (net gain)
- Kreb’s cycle: 2 ATP
- Electron transfer: 26-28 ATP
- Total yield: 30-32 ATP
Cellular respiration equation
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 H2O + 6 CO2 + 30-32 ATP + heat
Glucose + oxygen → water + carbon dioxide + ATP + heat
Epithelial tissue functions
COVERS
* Protection
- Absorption
- Filtration
- Excretion
- Secretion
Epithelial tissue characteristics
Avascular, cells tightly packed & no
extracellular matrix
- Lining, covering
Epithelial classification by
Shape
Number of layers
Muscle tissue types
- Skeletal
- Smooth
- Cardiac
Muscle tissue function
MOVES
contraction
Nervous tissue function
CONTROLS
Communication
Nervous tissue types
- Neurons (nerve cells)
- Neuroglia (support cells)
Connective tissue characteristics
Highly vascular, few cells, surrounded by extracellular matrix & contain ground substance
Rich supply of blood
Connective tissue functions
SUPPORT
* Support and bind other tissues
- Provide insulation and protection (organs)
- Stores energy reserves in adipose tissue
Membranes
Physical barriers that line parts of the body
Membranes consist of
- An epithelium
- Supporting connective tissue
Mucous membrane
line digestive, respiratory, urinary and reproductive tracts
coated with secretions of mucous glands
Serous membrane
line body cavities closed to the exterior of the body
peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities
Cutaneous membrane (skin)
covers bodies surface
Synovial membrane
line joint cavities and produce the fluid within the joint
Homeostasis
condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many regulatory processes
Control of homeostasis which systems
Nervous and endocrine
- Nervous system faster
- Both use negative feedback systems
Nervous system: controlling homeostasis
sends electrical messages (nerve impulse) along nerves to organs that counter the change
Endocrine system: controlling homeostasis
sends chemical messages (hormones) from the glands into the blood
Feedback systems
cycle of events in which body conditions are:
- Monitored
- Evaluated
- Maintained/changed
- Re-evaluated
Feedback system components:
Controlled condition
Stimulus
Receptor
Control centre
Effector
Response
Controlled condition (feedback system)
1) variable that is monitored
Stimulus (feedback system)
2) any disruption to the controlled condition
Receptor (feedback system)
3) detects the change and notifies the control centre
Control centre (feedback system)
4) sets the range
- receives information from the receptor
- evaluates and processes the information (determines what action to take)
- sends output commands to effector
Effector (feedback system)
5) receives commands from the control centre and produces the response
Response (feedback system)
6) effect that changes the controlled condition
Negative feedback
- Opposes the initial stimulus to reverse the change
- Includes most homeostatic mechanisms
- Used in conditions that need frequent adjustments
Positive feedback
- Enhances the stimulus to produce an even greater change
- Loops are used when a large, rapid change is wanted to be produced
