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Biology > Wk 1: cells & membranes > Flashcards

Wk 1: cells & membranes Flashcards

1
Q

Atoms

A

smallest chemical units of matter

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2
Q

Molecule

A

a group of atoms working together

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3
Q

Macromolecules

A
  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids/fats
  • Nucleic acids: building blocks of DNA
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4
Q

Functions of macromolecules

A
  • Structure/form work
  • Storage
  • Messengers
  • Control
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5
Q

Tissue

A

a group of similar cells working together

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6
Q

Primary tissue

A
  • Epithelial tissue 2
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Neural tissue
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7
Q

Organ

A

group of different tissues working together

  • Organ functions are supplied by tissues
  • Multi-tasking (skeletal muscle)
  • Specialists (heart)
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8
Q

Organ system

A

a group of organs working together

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9
Q

Organ system functions

A
  • Control/direct
  • Cool and warm
  • Digest
  • Move
  • Protect
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10
Q

Body cavities

A

spaces that enclose internal organs

Organs located in cavities

Functions: protect (fluid), separate and support internal organs

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11
Q

Major cavities

A

separated by diaphragm

  • Thoracic cavity
  • Abdomino pelvic cavity
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12
Q

Cells

A

the basic structural and functional units of the body

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13
Q

Classes of cells

A
  • Germ cells: either spermatozoa (sperm) of males or oocytes (eggs) of females
  • Somatic cells: all body cells except germ cells.
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14
Q

Nucleus

A

Stores the hereditary material (DNA)

controls and coordinates cell functions

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15
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Cytosol plus organelles expect the nucleus

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16
Q

Vesicle

A

membrane enclosed sac used to take in, transport and secrete substances in & out of cell

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17
Q

Ribosome

A

Protein synthesis

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18
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

a major site of protein synthesis because of the presence of attached ribosomes

also modifies and packages newly synthesised proteins

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19
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Functions in several metabolic processes, including synthesis of lipids and steroids and the metabolism of carbohydrates

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20
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

storage, alteration and packing of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes (SAP)

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21
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produce 95% of the ATP required by the cell – energy powerhouse

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22
Q

Lysosome

A

Specialised vesicle formed from the Golgi responsible for intracellular breakdown (lysis) and removal of damaged organelles or pathogens by enzymes

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23
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of protein filaments that provide support for cell contents, strength and structure to cell and facilitate movement.

24
Q

Centrioles

A

Roll in cell division by supporting chromosomes as they separate and migrate

Protein filament structure located close to the nucleus

25
Microvilli
Has small folds to provide cell with **increased surface area** for **exchange** with the **extracellular** **environment**
26
Cillia
Projections of the cell membrane (longer than microvilli) that are internally supported and strengthened by protein filaments which move in a coordinated process to move fluid and other substances along the external cell surface
27
Cell membrane functions
* Maintains composition of inter and extra cellular fluid * Determines what substances move in and out of cell * Communicates with other cells and organs
28
Phospholipid (cell membrane)
* Hydrophilic phosphate heads (water loving) * Hydrophobic lipid tails (water hating)
29
Proteins: peripheral or integral (cell membrane
determines what functions the membrane and perform * Channels, gates, pumps * Carrier proteins * Anchoring proteins * Receptors
30
Selective permeability
phospholipid lipid bilayer lets some substances in and out of the cell but stops others Based on: size, charge and solubility
31
Passage across membrane (passive)
No energy expenditure Substances can move with a concentration or electrical gradient
32
Passage across membrane (active)
Requires energy expenditure Substances can move against a concentration or electrical gradient.
33
Simple diffusion
the movement of a molecule directly through the phospholipid bilayer from high to low concentration
34
Substances that can utilise simple diffusion
small uncharged lipid-soluble
35
Factors affecting rate of simple diffusion
concentration gradient substance solubility/size/charge temperature
36
Substances that can utilise facilitated diffusion
hydrophilic charged larger materials
37
Facilitated diffusion
the movement of a molecule from high to low concentration via a channel or carrier protein
38
Factors affecting rate of facilitated diffusion
concentration gradient availability of carrier proteins
39
Osmosis
movement of water Water is water soluble: use a channel (aquaporin) to cross membrane Move from high to low water concentration Water from area of low to high solute
40
Factors affecting rate of osmosis
Hydrostatic presssure Osmotic pressure
41
Active transport
the movement of a molecule from an area of low to high concentration, via a channel or carrier protein
42
Primary and secondary active transport
Primary: uses energy Secondary: uses energy stored in ionic concentration gradient
43
Vesicle transport
moves substances in membrane-bound compartments to and from the cell membrane type of active transport
44
Factors affecting rate of vesicle transport
Availability of ATP Carrier protein Substrate
45
Exocytosis
the release of fluids and/or solids from the cell via intracellular vesicles Energy required
46
Substances of exocytosis
**fluid** and **cellular wastes** **secretory products** from some cells
47
Endocytosis
packaging of **extracellular** materials into a **vesicle** for transport **into** the cell Energy required
48
Receptor-mediated transport
target molecules bind to receptor proteins on the membrane surface triggering vesicle formation
49
Factors affecting rate of receptor mediated transport
the number of **receptors** on the plasma membrane **concentration** of **target** molecules
50
Pinocytosis
vesicles form at the membrane and bring **fluids** and **small** molecules **into** the cell 
51
Phagocytosis
vesicles form at the membrane to bring **solid** particles **into** the cell
52
Diffusion rates are influenced by
Distance Surface area Molecular size Temperature Concentration Electrical force
53
Tonicity
the **capability** of a **solution** to modify the **volume** of cells by altering their water content
54
Isotonic solution
same solute water concentration as inside the cell **equal inside and outside cell**
55
Hypotonic
outside the cell **high** in **water** and **low** in **solute**
56
Hypertonic
outside the cell **low** in **water** and **high** in **solute**

Biology (7 decks)

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