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Biology > Wk 1: cells & membranes > Flashcards

Wk 1: cells & membranes Flashcards

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1
Q

Atoms

A

smallest chemical units of matter

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2
Q

Molecule

A

a group of atoms working together

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3
Q

Macromolecules

A
  • Proteins
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids/fats
  • Nucleic acids: building blocks of DNA
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4
Q

Functions of macromolecules

A
  • Structure/form work
  • Storage
  • Messengers
  • Control
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5
Q

Tissue

A

a group of similar cells working together

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6
Q

Primary tissue

A
  • Epithelial tissue 2
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Neural tissue
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7
Q

Organ

A

group of different tissues working together

  • Organ functions are supplied by tissues
  • Multi-tasking (skeletal muscle)
  • Specialists (heart)
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8
Q

Organ system

A

a group of organs working together

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9
Q

Organ system functions

A
  • Control/direct
  • Cool and warm
  • Digest
  • Move
  • Protect
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10
Q

Body cavities

A

spaces that enclose internal organs

Organs located in cavities

Functions: protect (fluid), separate and support internal organs

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11
Q

Major cavities

A

separated by diaphragm

  • Thoracic cavity
  • Abdomino pelvic cavity
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12
Q

Cells

A

the basic structural and functional units of the body

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13
Q

Classes of cells

A
  • Germ cells: either spermatozoa (sperm) of males or oocytes (eggs) of females
  • Somatic cells: all body cells except germ cells.
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14
Q

Nucleus

A

Stores the hereditary material (DNA)

controls and coordinates cell functions

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15
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Cytosol plus organelles expect the nucleus

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16
Q

Vesicle

A

membrane enclosed sac used to take in, transport and secrete substances in & out of cell

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17
Q

Ribosome

A

Protein synthesis

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18
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

a major site of protein synthesis because of the presence of attached ribosomes

also modifies and packages newly synthesised proteins

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19
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Functions in several metabolic processes, including synthesis of lipids and steroids and the metabolism of carbohydrates

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20
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

storage, alteration and packing of secretory products and lysosomal enzymes (SAP)

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21
Q

Mitochondria

A

Produce 95% of the ATP required by the cell – energy powerhouse

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22
Q

Lysosome

A

Specialised vesicle formed from the Golgi responsible for intracellular breakdown (lysis) and removal of damaged organelles or pathogens by enzymes

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23
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Network of protein filaments that provide support for cell contents, strength and structure to cell and facilitate movement.

24
Q

Centrioles

A

Roll in cell division by supporting chromosomes as they separate and migrate

Protein filament structure located close to the nucleus

25
Q

Microvilli

A

Has small folds to provide cell with increased surface area for exchange with the extracellular environment

26
Q

Cillia

A

Projections of the cell membrane (longer than microvilli) that are internally supported and strengthened by protein filaments which move in a coordinated process to move fluid and other substances along the external cell surface

27
Q

Cell membrane functions

A
  • Maintains composition of inter and extra cellular fluid
  • Determines what substances move in and out of cell
  • Communicates with other cells and organs
28
Q

Phospholipid (cell membrane)

A
  • Hydrophilic phosphate heads (water loving)
  • Hydrophobic lipid tails (water hating)
29
Q

Proteins: peripheral or integral (cell membrane

A

determines what functions the membrane and perform

  • Channels, gates, pumps
  • Carrier proteins
  • Anchoring proteins
  • Receptors
30
Q

Selective permeability

A

phospholipid lipid bilayer lets some substances in and out of the cell but stops others

Based on: size, charge and solubility

31
Q

Passage across membrane (passive)

A

No energy expenditure

Substances can move with a concentration or electrical gradient

32
Q

Passage across membrane (active)

A

Requires energy expenditure

Substances can move against a concentration or electrical gradient.

33
Q

Simple diffusion

A

the movement of a molecule directly through the phospholipid bilayer from high to low concentration

34
Q

Substances that can utilise simple diffusion

A

small
uncharged
lipid-soluble

35
Q

Factors affecting rate of simple diffusion

A

concentration gradient
substance solubility/size/charge
temperature

36
Q

Substances that can utilise facilitated diffusion

A

hydrophilic
charged
larger materials

37
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

the movement of a molecule from high to low concentration via a channel or carrier protein

38
Q

Factors affecting rate of facilitated diffusion

A

concentration gradient
availability of carrier proteins

39
Q

Osmosis

A

movement of water

Water is water soluble: use a channel (aquaporin) to cross membrane

Move from high to low water concentration

Water from area of low to high solute

40
Q

Factors affecting rate of osmosis

A

Hydrostatic presssure
Osmotic pressure

41
Q

Active transport

A

the movement of a molecule from an area of low to high concentration, via a channel or carrier protein

42
Q

Primary and secondary active transport

A

Primary: uses energy
Secondary: uses energy stored in ionic concentration gradient

43
Q

Vesicle transport

A

moves substances in membrane-bound compartments to and from the cell membrane

type of active transport

44
Q

Factors affecting rate of vesicle transport

A

Availability of ATP
Carrier protein
Substrate

45
Q

Exocytosis

A

the release of fluids and/or solids from the cell via intracellular vesicles

Energy required

46
Q

Substances of exocytosis

A

fluid and cellular wastes
secretory products from some cells

47
Q

Endocytosis

A

packaging of extracellular materials into a vesicle for transport into the cell

Energy required

48
Q

Receptor-mediated transport

A

target molecules bind to receptor proteins on the membrane surface triggering vesicle formation

49
Q

Factors affecting rate of receptor mediated transport

A

the number of receptors on the plasma membrane

concentration of target molecules

50
Q

Pinocytosis

A

vesicles form at the membrane and bring fluids and small molecules into the cell

51
Q

Phagocytosis

A

vesicles form at the membrane to bring solid particles into the cell

52
Q

Diffusion rates are influenced by

A

Distance
Surface area
Molecular size
Temperature
Concentration
Electrical force

53
Q

Tonicity

A

the capability of a solution to modify the volume of cells by altering their water content

54
Q

Isotonic solution

A

same solute water concentration as inside the cell

equal inside and outside cell

55
Q

Hypotonic

A

outside the cell high in water and low in solute

56
Q

Hypertonic

A

outside the cell low in water and high in solute

Biology (7 decks)

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