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Pathopharmacology Fundamentals > Wk 4 Depression & Anxiety Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Wk 4 Depression & Anxiety Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Neurotransmitters are responsible for

A

communication between neurons and other cells

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2
Q

Neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and either

A

Block or facilitate relay of stimulus

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3
Q

4 major neurotransmitters

A

Dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA

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4
Q

Dopamine associated with…

A

Happiness, motivation, pleasure, reward, focus, energy, learning, anti anxiety

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5
Q

Serotonin associated with…

A

Obsessions and compulsions, happiness, sleep

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6
Q

GABA associated with…

A

Relaxation

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7
Q

Norepinephrine associated with…

A

Alertness and energy

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8
Q

Low levels of dopamine results in

A

Parkinson like symptoms such as… slower reaction time, low energy, anhedonia

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9
Q

Anhedonia is

A

Inability to experience pleasure in things you usually enjoy “pleasure center dysfunction”

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10
Q

Serotonin deficit results in

A

more obsessive thoughts and compulsions, impulsivity, suicidal, aggressive, susceptible to “cue triggers” / lack of impulse control

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11
Q

Deficits in GABA is associated with

A

Anxiety disorders, panic disorders, major depressive disorder

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12
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitter associated with fight or flight response

A

Norepinephrine

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13
Q

High levels of norepinephrine results in

A

Heightened anxiety, stress, and hyperactivity

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14
Q

Low levels of norepinephrine is associated with

A

Lack of energy, focus, and motivation

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15
Q

Women are twice as likely to suffer from

A

Depression

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16
Q

Depression is more common in those who are

A

Caucasian and have never been married

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17
Q

Those with depression are __% more likely to develop CAD

A

64%

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18
Q

Leading cause of disability worldwide

A

Depression

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19
Q

Depression a combination of…

A

Genetic, environmental, biological and psychological factors

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20
Q

Depression dx depends on the presence of multiple symptoms that are…

A

Intense enough to cause distress and persistently impair psychosocial function

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21
Q

Multiple etiologies associated with depression including:

A

Neurobiological, chemical, situational, chronic and acute, medication side effects

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22
Q

Symptoms of depression

A

Loss of interest or pleasure, extreme fatigue, restlessness, irritability, sleep disturbances, appetite disturbances, impaired concentration

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23
Q

Treatment of depression includes

A

medications, CBT and talk therapy, support groups

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24
Q

All depression medications take…

A

weeks to start working

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25
Q

For depression that does not respond to medications and therapy we may use

A

brain stimulation therapy

26
Q

6 major types of anxiety disorders

A

Social, panic, acrophobia, PTSD, generalized, OCD

27
Q

Unlike depressive disorders

A

Anxiety disorders have different symptoms and are treated differently

28
Q

Panic disorder characterized by 2 main symptoms

A

Antianticipatory anxiety and avoidance anxiety

29
Q

Anticipatory anxiety is

A

Fearful expectation of panic anxiety onset

30
Q

Avoidance anxiety is

A

Personal strategies used to increase sense of control and decrease the risk of panic anxiety

31
Q

What is linked to adult panic disorder?

A

Early childhood stress

32
Q

Panic disorder is likely to

A

run in families

33
Q

Overwhelming stress can stimulate and cause a buildup of

A

Glutamate

34
Q

What is panic?

A

Unexpected episode that is out of proportion to events that are happening around the patient

35
Q

Half of patients with panic disorder also have…

A

Depression

36
Q

Recurrent uncomfortable episodes with sudden onset with symptoms

A

Panic attack

37
Q

Symptoms associated with panic attack

A

Heart palpitations, chest pain, SOB, dizziness, nausea, fear of losing control, tingling in hands, flushing or chills

38
Q

Treatment of panic disorders includes…

A

CBT, antidepressants

39
Q

Panic disorder is treated with these types of antidepressants

A

SSRIs, SNRI, TCA, MOA inhibitors

40
Q

Second line medication to treat panic attacks

A

Benzodiazepine, used to treat attack in the moment

41
Q

Anxiety that lasts for more than 6 months, characterized by unrealistic, uncontrolled anxiety

A

Generalized anxiety disorder

42
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder is characterized by…

A

Muscle tension, autonomic hyperactivity, exaggerated startle, difficulty concentrating

43
Q

Risk factors for generalized anxiety disorder

A

Substance abuse, childhood abuse/trauma, and genetic components

44
Q

Treatment for generalized anxiety disorder

A

Antidepressants SSRI and SRNI, Buspirone, benzodiazepine

45
Q

3 core symptoms of hyper-arousal, avoidance, reliving of events

A

PTSD

46
Q

In PTSD, there is chronic activation of the

A

Stress response in relation to exposure to a potentially life threatening event

47
Q

PTSD is characterized by…

A

Vivid flashbacks, nightmares, emotional blunting, irritability and exaggerated startle

48
Q

Common along with PTSD

A

Memory, sleep, and depression problems

49
Q

Number one cause of PTSD

A

For both men and women it’s rape

50
Q

Other common causes of PTSD for men

A

Combat exposure, childhood neglect, childhood physical abuse

51
Q

Other common causes of PTSD for women

A

Sexual molestation, physical attack, being threatened with a weapon

52
Q

Psychotherapy treatment for PTSD

A

Trauma focused, exposure therapy, CBT, EMDR, medications (SSRIs SNRIs)

53
Q

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) works well along with CBT to

A

Treat PTSD

54
Q

Intense fear of being criticized by others, persistent fear of humiliation, and negative evaluation of embarrassment in social situation

A

Social anxiety disorder

55
Q

Social anxiety disorder causes…

A

withdrawal from social situation or intense discomfort

56
Q

Causes of social anxiety disorder

A

Inherited traits, environment (learned behavior), or brain structure- amygdala

57
Q

Treatment of social anxiety disorder includes…

A

CBT, SSRIs, Benzos, propanolol

58
Q

Repetitive unwanted thoughts and obsessions, repeated activities/rituals

A

OCD

59
Q

Obsessions and compulsions are..

A

Time consuming, and may be distressing to individual, friends, or family members

60
Q

Most difficult psychiatric conditions to treat

A

OCD

61
Q

Treatment of OCD

A

SSRIs, TCA (second line), deep brain stimulation, EMDR, transcranial magnetic stimulation (approved in 2018)

Pathopharmacology Fundamentals (13 decks)

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