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Pathopharmacology Fundamentals > Module 7 Basic GI > Flashcards

Module 7 Basic GI Flashcards

1
Q

Constipation guideline

A

less than 3 stools per week

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2
Q

5 causes of constipation

A

low fiber diet, lack of exercise, slowed peristalsis, obstruction, or diverticulitis

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3
Q

firm immovable mass obstructs lower GI tract

A

impaction

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4
Q

someone with an impaction may have continuous

A

oozing or diarrhea around the impaction

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5
Q

other signs and symptoms of an impaction are…

A

loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention, cramping and pain

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6
Q

Acute diarrhea usually results from

A

viral or bacterial infection, impaction, emotional stress, medications (such as chemo)

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7
Q

diarrhea is chronic when is lasts for more than

A

4 weeks

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8
Q

episodic diarrhea is

A

food allergy or irritant

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9
Q

chronic diarrhea results from

A

chronic GI infection, immobility, malabsorption, endocrine disorders

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10
Q

diarrhea that has increase in active solutes

A

osmotic diarrhea

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11
Q

osmotic diarrhea typically associated with

A

magnesium sulfate, epsom salt

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12
Q

Sodium and water rush into the colon when ingesting mag sulfate or epsom salt

A

osmotic diarrhea

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13
Q

Caused by some type of bacteria or toxin that increases the reabsorption of water in the colon

A

secretory diarrhea

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14
Q

Osmotic diarrhea common with

A

tube feeding

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15
Q

Bacterias associated with

A

vibrio cholerae and staph aureus

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16
Q

Active sites of inflammation within the bowel lumen that results in exudation of mucus, blood, and proteins

A

exudative diarrhea

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17
Q

Causes of exudative diarrhea

A

Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis

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18
Q

diarrhea that results from decreased absorption in the small intestine

A

diarrhea related to motility disturbances

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19
Q

causes of diarrhea related to motility disturbances

A

dumping syndrome after a gastrectomy and IBS

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20
Q

3 reasons why diarrhea is a problem

A

skin breakdown, fluid/electrolyte imbalance, nutrition concerns

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21
Q

3 groups of anti-diarrheals

A

absorbants, antimotility, probiotics

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22
Q

bismuth subsalicylate aka

A

Pepto-Bismol

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23
Q

bismuth subsalicylate is an

A

adsorbant

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24
Q

MOA for bismuth subsalicylate

A

Coats the wall of the GI tract and binds the causative agent for elimination

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25
Q

bismuth subsalicylate is a form of

A

aspirin

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26
Q

another adsorbant

A

activated charcoal, given in drug overdoses

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27
Q

loperamide aka

A

Imodium

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28
Q

diphenoxylate with atropine

A

Lomotil

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29
Q

MOA for loperamide and diphenoxylate with atropine

A

Slows peristalsis and has a drying effect (anticholinergic)

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30
Q

loperamide and diphenoxylate with atropine can be used combination with

A

adsorbants and opiates

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31
Q

adverse effects of loperamide and diphenoxylate with atropine

A

urinary retention, headache, dizziness, bradycardia and hypotension, dry skin, flushing

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32
Q

Lactobacillus organism probiotics

A

Bacid or Culturelle

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33
Q

Sacchromyces boulardii probiotic

A

Florastor

34
Q

used specifically in treatment of c diff

A

Sacchromyces boulardii (Florastor)

35
Q

Laxative treatment is individualized for

A

age, severity, and contributing factors

36
Q

Treatment for constipation

A

Diet (increasing fiber), behavioral interventions such as walking, and then add on pharmacologic treatment for constipation

37
Q

5 groups of laxatives

A

bulk-forming, emollient, hyperosmotic, saline, stimulant

38
Q

Most misused OTC

A

laxatives

39
Q

misuse of laxatives can lead to

A

dependence, inability to have a BM without the laxative

40
Q

laxatives are not meant for

A

long term

41
Q

psyllium aka

A

Metamucil

42
Q

Bulk forming laxative

A

psyllium (Metamucil)

43
Q

psyllium acts similar to

A

Acts similar to dietary fiber, absorbs water into the intestine increasing bulk, distends bowel to initiate reflex bowel activity and bowel movement

44
Q

must take psyllium with a lot of water to prevent

A

impaction above strictures and esophageal blockage

45
Q

psyllium and most all laxatives are contraindicated in patients with

A

fecal impaction or intestinal obstruction

46
Q

two emollient laxatives

A

docusate sodium and mineral oil

47
Q

docusate sodium aka

A

Colace

48
Q

docusate sodium MOA

A

lubricates fecal material and walls, promotes fat absorption into fecal mass

49
Q

docusate sodium is primarily used to prevent

A

opioid-induced constipation, like during post-op

50
Q

docusate sodium is only given

A

PO

51
Q

mineral oil MOA

A

lubricates intestines

52
Q

mineral oil route

A

PO or PR

53
Q

mineral oil is used to relieve

A

fecal impactions

54
Q

both mineral oil and docusate sodium

A

prevent water from moving out of intestines

55
Q

adverse effects of docusate sodium and mineral oil laxatives

A

skin rashes and decreased absorption of vitamins

56
Q

3 hyperosmotic laxatives

A

glycerin, polyethylene glycol, and lactulose

57
Q

MOA of glycerin, polyethylene glycol, and lactulose

A

Increases water content in feces, promotes distention, peristalsis, and evacuation

58
Q

adverse effects of hyperosmotic laxatives

A

Abdominal bloating, rectal irritation, electrolyte imbalance

59
Q

very mild and most common used in children experiencing constipation

A

glycerin

60
Q

glycerin is typically given as a

A

suppository

61
Q

lactulose is digested in the large intestine creating this hyperosmotic environment

A

therefore it draws water into the colon

62
Q

lactulose helps to

A

reduce blood ammonia levels

63
Q

lactulose commonly used in patients with

A

liver disease and hepatic encephalopathy

64
Q

given before diagnostic or bowel procedures

A

polyethylene glycol (bowel prep/go lightly)

65
Q

extremely potent and induces total cleansing of the bowel

A

polyethylene glycol

66
Q

polyethylene glycol is reconstituted in a

A

water

67
Q

4 saline laxatives

A

mag citrate, mag hydroxide, mag sulfate, and sodium salts

68
Q

magnesium citrate aka

A

citroma

69
Q

magnesium hydroxide aka

A

Phillips milk of magnesia

70
Q

magnesium sulfate aka

A

epsom salts

71
Q

sodium salts aka

A

Fleet enema

72
Q

saline laxative MOA

A

Increase osmotic pressure and draw water into colon

73
Q

Careful use of saline laxatives in patients with

A

renal disease because may cause magnesium toxicity

74
Q

2 stimulant laxatives

A

bisacodyl and senna

75
Q

bisacodyl aka

A

Ducolax

76
Q

senna aka

A

Senokot

77
Q

bisacodyl (Ducolax) route

A

PO or PR

78
Q

senna route

A

PO

79
Q

stimulant laxative MOA

A

induce intestinal peristalsis

80
Q

stimulant laxative indication

A

constipation or whole bowel evacuation

81
Q

stimulant laxative adverse effects

A

Nutrient malabsorption, GI irritation, electrolyte imbalance

82
Q

stimulant laxatives are the most likely to cause

A

dependence

Pathopharmacology Fundamentals (13 decks)

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