Wk 2 Anemia Classifications & Manifestations Flashcards
What are thrombocytes?
Platelets
What makes up the plasma?
Protein (7%)
Water (91%)
Other solutes (2%)
Anemia is classified by…
Morphology and etiology
4 morphology classifications of anemia
Normocytic/normochromic
Macrocytic normochromic
Macrocytic hypochromic
Microcytic hypochromic
What are three reasons for decreased RBC production?
Decreased nutrient
Decreased erythropoietin
Decreased iron availability
What is the scientific name of vitamin b12?
cobalamin
What are three examples of chronic blood loss that lead to anemia?
Duodenal ulcer
Colorectal cancer
Liver disease
What is a common cause of a low H&H on a med-surg floor?
Patient came back from surgery, lost blood during surgery
What are examples of increased RBC destruction etiologies of anemia?
Sickle cell disease
Medications
Incompatible blood
Trauma
How is trauma an example of increased RBC destruction etiology for anemia?
Cardiopulmonary bypass
What medication may cause increased RBC destruction?
Methyldopa
If you don’t have enough hemoglobin to synthesize the RBC (RBC production), what type of anemia is this?
Iron-deficiency anemia
If you have defective DNA synthesis, what type of anemias do you have?
B12 deficiency (cobalamin) Folic acid deficiency
defective DNA synthesis is also called…
Megaloblastic anemia
What is the most common cause of b12 deficiency anemia?
Pernicious anemia (lacks intrinsic factor)
Someone with pernicious anemia might also have…
Other autoimmune diseases such as diabetes
What types of anemias are caused by a decrease in RBC precursors (red bone marrow)?
Aplastic anemia
Chronic disease (renal failure)
Medications (chemotherapy)
A group of anemia disorders caused by impaired DNA synthesis
Megaloblastic anemia
The RBCs in megaloblastic anemias are __ and __
big and abnormal
Why are megaloblasts (RBCs) easily destroyed?
They have fragile cell membranes
What are 2 megaloblastic anemias?
b12 and folate deficiency
What is an insidious disease?
Any disease that comes on slowly and does not have obvious symptoms at first. The person is not aware of it developing.
3 examples of chronic blood loss that can lead to anemia
Gastritis
Menstrual flow
Hemorrhoids
A patient with an insidious disease that causes anemia may not be as…
Symptomatic as someone with a quick onset, such as traumatic bleeding
Wrong blood infusion can cause __ anemia
Hemolytic
What are symptoms of severe anemia? (4)
Syncope
Angina
MI
Worsening CHF
What is the lab value for mild anemia?
Hgb 10-14
What are the symptoms of mild anemia?
Usually none, or mild with activity
Who is someone who might be mildly anemic?
Someone with heavy menstrual periods
What is the lab value for moderate anemia?
Hgb 6-10
What are the symptoms of moderate anemia?
Cardiopulmonary symptoms that may occur at rest
What is the lab value for severe anemia?
Hgb less than 6
What are the symptoms of severe anemia?
Many body symptoms involved
Symptoms at rest
Why is someone with anemia weak and fatigued?
There isn’t enough oxygen getting delivered to the muscles and not enough energy being produced
Why is someone with anemia pale?
Peripheral vasoconstriction, blood being shunted to vital organs
Why might someone with anemia be tachycardic or have palpitations?
Cardiac output is increasing to compensate
/What is the equation for cardiac output?
CO = HR x SV
__ is an indirect measure of cardiac output
BP
Why does a patient with anemia experience bone pain?
Secretion of erythropoietin goes up, bones are producing more rbcs to compensate for lack of oxygen
Where might a patient with anemia experience bone pain (on the body)?
iliac crest and sternum
Why might someone with anemia have a MI, get HF, or have angina?
Hypoxia effecting the heart muscle
Why might a patient with anemia be experiencing dyspnea or tachypnea?
They are hypoxic and overall oxygenation is low
