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BMS200 > wk 13, lec 3 > Flashcards

wk 13, lec 3 Flashcards

1
Q

which parts of the eye do focusing

A

EOMs (extra ocular muscles), ciliary body and ciliary muscles, iris

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2
Q

which parts of the eye do transparency

A

cornea, lens, aqueous and vitreous humour

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3
Q

which parts of the eye do transduction

A

retina

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4
Q

which parts of the eye do projection

A

sclera, conjunctiva

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5
Q

refraction depends on

A

how far object is from the eye

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6
Q

how is light focused

A

lens focuses light onto retina

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7
Q

size of pupil changes, why

A

to focus light onto retina; makes pinhole

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8
Q

transduction of light signals into 2D map action potential via

A

photons convert into electrical signals and send to brain

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9
Q

physical, chemical and infectious damage- protection in the eye

A

 Sclera + fat in orbit
 Lacrimal and mucosal secretions
 Eyelids and lashes (cilia)

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10
Q

three layers (tunics) of the eye

A
  1. fibrous tunic
  2. vascular tunic (uvea)
    3.retina (neurosensory layer)
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11
Q

what makes up the fibrous tunic layer of the eye

A

scelera and cornea

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12
Q

function of fibrous tunic

A

o Support eye shape, protections, EOMs attach to sclera
o Refraction

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13
Q

sclera

opaque or transparent? try of epithelium? vasculature or avascular?

A

 opaque dense irregular CT- type I collagen, vasculature

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14
Q

cornea

transparent or opaque? how many layers? vascular or avascular? 2 names of membranes?

A

 transparent and avascular, 5 layers
 bowman membrane (barrier to infection)- epithelium
 descement membrane – endothelium to keep hydrated and transparent
 thick stroma- bundles of collagen (for transparency)

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15
Q

descement membrane in cornea for

A

keep hydrated and transparent

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16
Q

bowman membrane in cornea

A

barrier to infection

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17
Q

what is the name of the structure where the cornea and sclera merge

A

limbus

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18
Q

limbus (cornea and sclera merge) - what does it have? whats it a source of?

A

 bulbar conjunctiva
 source of stem cells

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19
Q

parts of the vascular tunic (urea)

A

choroid, ciliary body, iris

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20
Q

function of uvea

A

nutrients, absorb stray light

pupillary constriction and lens control

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21
Q

choroid- what type of membrane? vascular or avascular?

A

 Vascularized with melanocytes to absorb light

 Choroiocapillary lamina

 Bruch’s membrane- collagen and elastin to separate retina from choroid

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22
Q

Bruch’s membrane function

A
  • collagen and elastin to separate retina from choroid
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23
Q

cilia body is made of

A

ciliary muscles, ciliary processes, ciliary zonule

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24
Q

ciliary muscle connects

A

connects zonular fibrils via ciliary processes

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25
Q

ciliary processes

A

vascular, melanin to keep light from entering eye anywhere other than the pupil

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26
Q

ciliary zone

A
  • Zonular fibrils for suspensory ligament of the lens
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27
Q

whats keeps light from entering eye anywhere other than the pupil

A

ciliary processes

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28
Q

what is accomodation

A

the ability of the eyes to focus on objects that are near or far.

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29
Q

retina (neurosesnroy layer) is for

A

o Signal transduction
o Initial processing of visual information
o Absorb stray light

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30
Q

in which compartment is aqueous humour made

A

anterior compartment

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31
Q

flow of aqueous humor

A
  • Circulates in posterior chamber to anterior chamber (through the pupil) of anterior compartment
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32
Q

what secretes the aquesou humor

A
  • Vascular ciliary processes sercrete aqueous humour from posterior chamber
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33
Q

functions of aqueous humor

A

carry metabolites, maintain envo for proper refraction

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34
Q

if drainage impaired of aqueous humor what happens

A
  • If drainage impaired then increases intra-ocular pressure –> push back on retina and damage it
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35
Q

where is aqueous humor drained/resorbed

A

scleral venous sinus

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36
Q

how does scleral venous sinus drain/resborb aquesou humor

A

o Scleral venous sinus in limbus (where cornea and sclera merge)
o Trabecular meshwork to filter

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37
Q

what can block the scleral venous sinus

A

o Iris can flop over it and block it

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38
Q

iris is in what layer

A
  • Anterior part of uveal (vascular) layer
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39
Q

what does the iris cover

A
  • Covers part of the lens (doesn’t cover pupil)
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40
Q

iris is made of

A
  • Fibroblasts and melanocytes
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41
Q

deep layer of the iris has

A
  • Deep layer has myofibroblasts and 2 muscles for pupil size
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42
Q

2 muscles in iris

A

dilatory pupillae and sphincter pupillae muscles

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43
Q

Dilatory pupillae muscles- PNS or SNS? found where?

A

o Dilatory pupillae muscles- SNS, along most of iris

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44
Q

Sphincter pupillae muscles- PNS or SNS? found where?

A

PNS, along central iris

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45
Q

dilatory vs sphincter pupillae muscles

A

o Dilatory pupillae muscles- SNS, along most of iris
o Sphincter pupillae muscles- PNS, along central iris

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46
Q

vitreous body- transparent or opaque? made of? attaches to?

A
  • Transparent, gel like CT in posterior cavity
  • 99% water (also collagen fibrils and hyaluronate)
  • Halocytes build the ECM
  • Attaches to surface of retina at inner limiting membrane
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47
Q

in embryology, what is retina made of

A

outpouching of diencephalon

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48
Q

cells and barrier in retina

A

o astrocytes, microglial, muller cell (specialized glial cell)
o blood-retina barrier

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49
Q

how many layers in the retina

A
  • nine layers
    o inner= close to vitreous
    o outer= close to choroid
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50
Q

rods and cones of the retina function

A

transduce light information (NT release)

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51
Q

bipolar cells, ganglion cells, axons of ganglion cells function in the retina

A

line of communication from rods and cones to the optic nerve

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52
Q

horizontal cells and amacrine cells function in the retina

A

: interneurons that modify activity of many things

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53
Q

pigment epithelium in the retina function

A

support rods and cones, lie on Bruch’s membrane

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54
Q

how does optic nerve and rods and cones communicate

A

via bipolar cells, ganglion cells, axons of ganglion cells:

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55
Q

where are the most amount of rods found? cones found?

A

o Most cone [ ] at fovea

o Most rods in rest of retina

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56
Q

physiologic blind spot

A

no photoreceptors over optic nerve

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57
Q

what embryo structure is the lens derived from

A

ectoderm

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58
Q

is lens transparent or opaque

A

transparent

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59
Q

lens fibers have what is periphery vs centre

A

o Viable cells at periphery, center has mature lens fibers that lost nuclei and become packed with crystallins

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60
Q

presbyopia

A

loss of elasticity in lens with age

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61
Q

cataracts

A

opacities in the lens

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62
Q

acommodation in the lens for distant vision

lens flattens or rounds? ciliary muscle contract or relax?

A

lens flattens, ciliary muscle relaxes and ciliary body holds ciliary zonule taut

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63
Q

acommodation in the lens for near vision

lens flattens or rounds? ciliary muscle contract or relax?

A

ciliary muscles contract, change shape of ciliary body, relax tension on ciliary zonule, lens becomes more rounded

64
Q

photoreceptor cells that release NTs

A

rods and cones

65
Q
  • Light passes through cornea and enters the eye through the _____. The size of this structure is mediated by the ______.
A
  • Light passes through cornea and enters the eye through the pupil. The size of this structure is mediated by the iris.
66
Q
  • Light is bent (refracted) as it passes through the various structures of the eye, but it is the _____ that can change its shape to focus the beams on the retina.
A
  • Light is bent (refracted) as it passes through the various structures of the eye, but it is the lens that can change its shape to focus the beams on the retina.
67
Q

refraction

A

bending of light

68
Q

where does refraction focus the light onto

A
  • Focused onto retina to see one image
69
Q

refraction flips the image how

A
  • Image of object in visual field is projected upside down and inverted on retina – brain flips it back up (i.e. top visual field to bottom of retina, bottom visual field to top of retina, right field to left side of retina, left field to right side of retina)
70
Q

what changes shape to control the amount of refraction

A

lens

71
Q

what structure bends the most light

A

cornea

72
Q

if there was no refraction

A

beam goes straight through, scattered on retina and would see multiple images

73
Q

how does lens change shape for refraction when object is close

A

more convex (rounded) lens means beams are bent more

74
Q

distant objects not refracted because?

A

o Divergent beam from distant object doesn’t enter the eye so doesn’t need to be refracted

 Distant objects doesn’t need to be refracted because light is coming in parallel

75
Q

accomodation

A

process the eye uses to focus on nearby object

76
Q

3 parts of accomodation

A
  1. increase convexity (round lens)
  2. converge eyes (move inward)
  3. constrict pupil (miosis)
77
Q

what is convexity round lens controlled by SNS or PNS

A

PNS

78
Q

what happens for the lens to round

A

o Oculomotor nerve fire, ciliary muscle contracts, suspensory ligaments (ciliary zonule) relax –> lens rounds

79
Q

what happens to lens if object is distant

A

muscle relaxed, ligaments tight, lens flat

80
Q

what happens to eye when something is near

A

muscle contracted, ligaments loose, lens rounded

81
Q

convergence of the eyes (move inwards) via what

A

o Oculomotor nerve, medial rectus muscle

82
Q

pupils constrict (miosis) via PNS or CNS and in bright or dark

A

o PNS control (oculomotor nerve stimulates pupillary sphincter of íris = constrict)
o In bright light

83
Q

miosis is

A

pupils constrict

84
Q

mydriasis is

A

pupils dilate

85
Q

pupils dilate (mydriasis) in light or dark and PNS or SNS?

A

 Pupils can also dilate (mydriasis)
 Fight/ flight, dim light
 SNS control (sympathetic nerve stimulates radial pupillary muscles of iris= dilate)

86
Q

which muscle for miosis (pupil constrict) and which for mydriasis (pupil dilate)

A

miosis- opupillary sphincter of iris

mydriasis- radial pupillary muscles of iris

87
Q

2 conditions of the lens

A

myopia (near sited)
hyperopia (far sited)

88
Q

what happens in myopia or hyperopia

A
  • Inability to focus beams from distant objects when lens is flat (i.e. ciliary muscle relaxed)
89
Q

myopia (near sited) and hyperopia (far sited) is if eyeball to long or short

A

myopia- eyeball too long
hyperopia- eyeball to short

90
Q

myopia (near sited)

A

o Cant see things in distance
o Distant beams converge before retina

91
Q

hyperopia (far sited)

A

o Cant see things up close
o If lens were flat, distant beams converge after retina
o Can see distant objects because those light rays are relatively parallel and eye can accommodate it

92
Q

visual acuity - what is 20/20 (normal) mean

A

o First value= furthest readable distance of chart for patient in feet
o Second value= furthest readable distance of chart for person with normal vision in feet

  • 20/18 = better than normal
  • 20/30= worse
93
Q

how is the strength of a corrective lens measured in

A

diopters

94
Q

what is used to correct hyperopia (far sited, cant see up close)

A

convex lens

95
Q

what is used to correct myopia (near sited, cant see far away)

A

concave lens

96
Q

convex (+) lens cause beams to

A

converge

97
Q

concave (-) lens causes beams to

A

diverge

98
Q

depth perception is affected by 3 things

A
  1. moving parallax
  2. access to previous knowledge
  3. steropsis
99
Q

moving parallax

A

o apparent shift in the position of an object relative to a background as the observer changes their viewpoint or moves

100
Q

stereopsis is

A

o binocular disparity: eyes apart so have different view and causes retina disparity so brain puts information back together

o fixed focus point projects to fovea of both eyes (no disparity)

o closer object projects to different places on each retina (retina disparity)
 use retinal disparity of two objects to contribute to depth perception
 closer= greater retinal disparity

101
Q

binocular disparity causes

A

stereopsis

102
Q

fixed focus point to create

A

no disparity in eyes

103
Q

retina disparity is greater when

A

object closer

104
Q

what is in the pigment layer of the retina that is key for photoreception

A

vitamin A/ retinal

105
Q

rods and cones are for what type of vision

A

rods for night vision
cones for colour vision

106
Q

pigment layer

A

contains melanin to prevent diffuse scattering of light

contains vitamin A to help rods and cones with photoreception

107
Q

layer of retina with rods and cones

A

contains outer segment of rods and cones

have photopigment to absorb light and begin the transduction of visual signals to the brain

108
Q

outer limiting membrane in retina

A

seperates outer segments of rods and cones from their cell bodies

109
Q

outer nuclear layer of retina

A

contains cell bodies of rods and cones (nucleus, organelles)

110
Q

outer plexiform layer of retina for

A

transmission of visual signals from the synaptic terminal portion of rods and cones to other cell types (bipolar, horizontal cells)

111
Q

inner nuclear layer contains

A

the cell bodies of other cells involved in the transmission and modulation of visual signals (bipolar, horizontal, and amacrine cells)

112
Q

inner plexiform layer

A

transmission of visual signals among bipolar, amacrine, and ganglion cells

113
Q

ganglion layer of retina contains

A

cell bodies of ganglion cells

114
Q

nerve fiber layer of retina contains

A

optic nerve fibers (axons of ganglion cells) to carry visual signals to brain

115
Q

inner limiting membrane in retina is

A

boundary between retina and vitreous humour

116
Q

blindspot (optic dics) contains and doenst contain what

A

cant see stimuli because no photoreceptors (rods or cones) here, only optic nerve

117
Q

3 parts of rods and cones

A

outer segment
inner segment
synaptic terminal

118
Q

where is the outersegment of rods and cones

A

in pigment/ photoreceptor layer

119
Q

where is inner segment of rods and cones

A

in nuclear layer

120
Q

where is synaptic terminal or rods and cones

A

in outer plexiform layer

121
Q

outer segment of rods and cones contains

A

photopigments and vitamin A

122
Q

inner segment of rods and cones contains

A

cell body (nucleus and organelles)

123
Q

synaptic terminal of rods and cones releases what

A

glutamate for signal transduction

124
Q

rods and cones

which has good visual acuity and which doesnt

A

rods: - poor visual acuity, highly convergent circuits (i.e. 5 rods go to 1 cell), not found in fovea

cones: - good visual acuity, circuits not highly convergent (1 cone to 1 cell), highly concentrated in fovea

125
Q

rods and cones

which has good night vision and which doesnt

A

rods: - good night vision because contain high photopigment (only need 1 photon of light to be activated)

cones: - poor night vision because lower photopigment (need 100 photos of light for activation)

126
Q

rods and cones

which has good colour vision

A

rods: - no colour vision because no colour photopigments

cones: - good colour vision; lots of colour photopigments

127
Q

visual acuity via which strucutre

A

fovea

128
Q

where are cones found and rods not found that makes them have visual acuity

A

in the fovea

rods in the periphery

129
Q

short wavelengths for which colour

A

blue

130
Q

medium wavelengths for which colour

A

green

131
Q

long wavelengths for which colour

A

red

132
Q

wavelengths and colours

A
  • S (short wavelengths) – blue
  • M (medium wavelengths) – green
  • L (long wavelengths) – red
  • Other colours may stimulate ratios of these 3 colours
  • Tree appears green because light not absorbed, its reflected back
  • White= no light absorbed
  • Black= absorb all light
133
Q

2 types of colour blindness

A

anomia and anomaly

134
Q

anomia is

A

missing a type of cone (dichromy)

135
Q

anomaly is

A

having a defective type of cone (less sensitive) (trichomy)

136
Q

red and green colour blindness can be from

A
  • Protanopia and protanomaly:
  • Deuteranopia and deuteranomaly:
137
Q

blue yellow colour blindness from

A
  • Tritanopia and tritanomaly
138
Q

protanopia and protanomaly are

A

: red cone issue
o Red-green colour blindness

139
Q
  • Deuteranopia and deuteranomaly
A

: green cone issue
o Red-green colour blindness

140
Q
  • Tritanopia and tritanomaly:
A

blue cone issue
o Blue-yellow colour blindness

141
Q

colour blindness

A
  • Protanopia and protanomaly: red cone issue
    o Red-green colour blindness
  • Deuteranopia and deuteranomaly: green cone issue
    o Red-green colour blindness
  • Tritanopia and tritanomaly: blue cone issue
    o Blue-yellow colour blindness
142
Q

red green colour blindness

genetic?

A
  • Red-green colour blindness is x linked recessive, can’t distinguish spectrum of green through red
143
Q

blue yellow colour blindness is genetic? what does blue/green look like and what does yellow/ orange look like

A
  • Blue- yellow colour blindness is autosomal dominant
    o Blue/green looks grey and yellow/orange looks pink
144
Q

photopigment components (2)

A

chromophore component and opsin component

145
Q

photopigments in rods and cones are in

A

the saccules/ disc of the outer segment

146
Q

chromophore component of photopigments are made out of

A

o Chromophore component= retinal/ vitamin A

147
Q

what does chromophore component do

A

 Pigment that captures light and induces conformational change in opsin component

148
Q

opsin component of photopigments are a

A

GPCR

149
Q

opsin component function

A

signal transduction

150
Q

what is the photopigment in a rod and in a cone

A

rod= rhodopsin
cone= lodopsin

151
Q

rhodopsin photopigment in rods: light? colour?

A

o Sensitive to light
o Doesn’t detect colour

152
Q

lodopsin photopigment in cones: light? colour?

A

o Not sensitive to light
o For colour
 L (long) = red, M (medium)= green, S (short)= blue

153
Q

signal transaction in rods when its dark (opposite to when its light)

A

cis-retinal  open Na+ channels  rod depolarize  increase Glu  hyperpolarize and inhibit of “on- center” bipolar cells

154
Q

signal transduction in rods in response to light

A
  • Rhodopsin captures light; converts cis- to trans-retinal
    o Activates rhodopsin to meta-rhodopsin
  • Meta-rhodopsin activated GPCR
    o G protein= transducin
     Phosphodiesterase and cGMP
  • G-protein closes Na+ channel
    o Hyperpolarize
    o Decrease glutamate release
    o On-center bipolar cells are depolarized/excited
    o Bipolar cells communicate to brain via optic nerve to sense the light
155
Q

signal transduction in rods in response to light simplified

A
  1. rhodopsin makes cis to trans retinal
  2. meta rhodopsin activates transducer GPCR
  3. open Na+ channel to hyper polarize
  4. decrease glutamate
  5. excite and depolarize on-center bipolar cells = see light

BMS200 (46 decks)

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