quiz 5 Flashcards
A group of university students are enrolled in a study where they are given adrenaline and their cardiac preload and systemic vascular resistance are both measured. Adrenaline is shown to both increase systemic vascular resistance AND increase cardiac preload. What is the most likely cause of these hemodynamic changes?
Question 1 Answer
a.
Adrenaline causes the aorta and the venules to contract
b.
Adrenaline causes the aorta to contract, but the venules to relax
c.
Adrenaline causes the aorta to contract, but the veins to relax
d.
Adrenaline causes the arterioles and veins to contract
d.
Adrenaline causes the arterioles and veins to contract
An elderly patient with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is infected with COVID-19, and her shortness of breath becomes more severe. She is admitted and a chest X-ray indicates that a significant proportion of her airways are filled with fluid. Monitoring in the intensive care unit shows an increase in right ventricular afterload but a decrease left ventricular preload. What is the most rational explanation for these findings?
Question 2 Answer
a.
Low tissue oxygen levels have caused vasodilation in the pulmonary arterioles
b.
Elevated tissue carbon dioxide levels have caused vasodilation in the pulmonary arterioles
c.
Low tissue oxygen levels have caused vasoconstriction in the pulmonary arterioles
d.
Elevated tissue carbon dioxide levels have caused vasodilation in the pulmonary arterioles
c.
Low tissue oxygen levels have caused vasoconstriction in the pulmonary arterioles
Soldiers have to stand stationery at attention for long periods of time - many have to regularly contract the muscles in their legs to keep from fainting. How does leg muscle contraction impact cardiac function?
Question 3 Answer
a.
Contracting calf muscles while standing decreases afterload.
b.
Contracting calf muscles while standing decreases systemic vascular resistance.
c.
Contracting calf muscles while standing increases venous return.
d.
Contracting calf muscles while standing increases activates the sympathetic nervous system, leading to increased inotropy and chronotropy.
c.
Contracting calf muscles while standing increases venous return.
Where would you most likely find fenestrated capillaries?
Question 4 Answer
a.
In the kidney
b.
In the pulmonary circulation
c.
In the cerebral circulation
d.
In the cardiac muscle
a.
In the kidney
A patient who has suffered a serious laceration presents with the following set of vital signs at rest: Blood pressure - 125/80; Heart Rate - 105 beats/min; Respiratory Rate - 19 breaths/min. Which of the following statements about this patient is TRUE?
Question 5 Answer
a.
This patient is in the decompensated stage of shock
b.
This patient is not in shock
c.
More information is needed before applying a stage of shock to this patient
d.
This patient is in the compensated stage of shock
d.
This patient is in the compensated stage of shock
How does an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) differ from stable angina?
Question 6 Answer
a.
ACS causes acute chest pain, but stable angina causes chronic chest pain.
b.
ACS chest pain is more likely to resolve over a short period of time, but chest pain from stable angina takes longer to resolve.
c.
ACS gives rise to dysrhythmias, but stable angina does not.
d.
ACS is more associated with infarct development, but stable angina will not involve an infarct.
d.
ACS is more associated with infarct development, but stable angina will not involve an infarct.
Which of the following conditions would cause increased wall tension in the left ventricle?
Question 7 Answer
a.
Pulmonary hypertension
b.
Tachydysrhythmias
c.
Coronary atherosclerosis
d.
Systemic hypertension
d.
Systemic hypertension
Why are AEDs (automated external defibrillators) so important in the acute treatment of a myocardial infarction?
Question 8 Answer
a.
Most heart attacks cause abnormal areas of excessive electrical excitation - defibrillation over-rides these areas of excitation and allows the heart to resume a normal rhythm
b.
Defibrillation stimulates thrombolysis, resulting in reperfusion of the threatened cardiac tissue
c.
Most heart attacks make the cardiomyocytes less able to be electrically excited - defibrillation “kickstarts” these electrically inexcitable areas and allows the heart to resume a normal rhythm
d.
Most heart attacks cause blockade of conduction pathways - defibrillation over-rides the blockade and allows the heart to resume a normal rhythm
a.
Most heart attacks cause abnormal areas of excessive electrical excitation - defibrillation over-rides these areas of excitation and allows the heart to resume a normal rhythm
A patient develops cor pulmonale due to pulmonary hypertension – what is the most likely cardiac complication?
Question 9 Answer
a.
Mitral stenosis
b.
Tricuspid valve stenosis
c.
Left ventricular hypertrophy
d.
Right-sided heart failure
d.
Right-sided heart failure
Aortic stenosis can be due to rheumatic heart disease or it can be due to long-term degenerative calcification of the valve. Which of the following is CORRECT regarding the difference between aortic stenosis due to rheumatic valve disease and that due to degenerative calcification?
Question 10 Answer
a.
The commissures will fuse in aortic rheumatic heart disease, not in calcific degeneration
b.
Only rheumatic valve disease results in left ventricular hypertrophy due to its acute nature
c.
Aortic stenosis due to degenerative calcification results in a bicuspid valve over time – a rheumatic aortic stenosis retains all three cusps
d.
Calcification is absent from a stenotic aortic valve in rheumatic heart disease
a.
The commissures will fuse in aortic rheumatic heart disease, not in calcific degeneration
Which of the following is the most likely complication of mitral valve prolapse?
Question 11 Answer
a.
Right ventricular hypertrophy
b.
Palpitations due to tachyarrhythmias (rapid arrhythmias)
c.
Mitral valve stenosis
d.
Aortic regurgitation due to ventricular enlargement
b.
Palpitations due to tachyarrhythmias (rapid arrhythmias)
mitral valve is between the left atria and left ventricle
Which of the following mechanisms results in increased jugular venous pressure?
Question 12 Answer
a.
Hypertrophy of the left atria
b.
Reduced preload on the right atria
c.
Dilation of the right ventricle and reduced contractility
d.
Mitral regurgitation
c.
Dilation of the right ventricle and reduced contractility
Jugular venous pressure (JVP) is a reflection of the right atrial pressure and provides important information about right heart function and venous return. An increase in JVP typically indicates increased right atrial pressure or obstruction to blood flow returning to the heart.
Dilation of the right ventricle and reduced contractility lead to right-sided heart failure, which increases right atrial pressure.
