Week 7, Lec 2 Flashcards
what is a delusion
Belief is held despite being presented with evidence against it (“fixed” – firmly maintained)
what disorders can delusions be seen in
▪ Can be due to: mental disorder, neurological or
medical disorder
▪ Examples: schizophrenia, substance abuse, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder (MDD), delirium and dementia
delusion
▪ A belief that is clearly false and indicates an
abnormality in content of thought
what is hallucination
sensory perception in the absence of a corresponding external or somatic stimulus and described according to the sensory domain in which it occurs
types of hallucinations
- Most common are visual, auditory, tactile, olfactory
▪ gustatory, nociceptive, thermoceptive, proprioceptive are possible
formed vs unformed hallucinations
Formed (i.e. voice making a command) or unformed (i.e.non- specific sound)
hallucinations with insight or without insight
With insight–px is aware that she is experiencing a hallucination - OR without insight – patient believes the perception is real
causes of hallucinations
▪ Can occur in illness or during an adjustment disorder or without mental illness (i.e. grief)
▪ Can be due to: psychiatric, neurological or medical disorder
*Delirium, substance withdrawal, intoxication, CNS infection, seizures can all cause hallucinations
DSM criteria for schizophrenia
- delusions
- hallucinations
- disorganized speech (e.g. frequent derailment or incoherence)
- grossly disorganized or catatonic behaviour
- negative symptoms (i.e. diminished emotional expression or avolition)
must have 2+ of these and one of them has to be #1,2,or3
how long must have signs and how long for active symptoms of schizophrenia for DSM5 criteria
6 months have signs
1 month of active symptoms
other DSM criteria of schizo
- Level of functioning in work/school, social relationships, self-
care is markedly decreased - Can’t be due to another condition
ALONG WITH
(2+ characteristics) and last 6 months
what is disorganized speech and thoughts (schizophrenia)
Speech and thought – derailment, poverty of speech, tangentiality, lack of logic, perserveration, neologism, thought blocking, clanging, echolalia… these are part of a phenomenon known as “thought disorders”
catatonia in schizo
move their body erratically or not at all.
- Psychomotor disturbances motor immobility
- Stupor, rigidity, strange postures, “waxy
flexibility”
▪ excessive activity
* Echolalia, echopraxia
▪ Sometimes both can be present at different times
derailment in schizo
Also known as “loose associations,” this is when a person’s thoughts shift abruptly from one topic to another unrelated topic, making their speech difficult to follow. There may be a lack of logical connection between ideas.
poverty of speech in schizo
This refers to limited verbal output, where the person’s speech is reduced in quantity or content. They might give brief or monosyllabic answers, which lack detail or elaboration, even when more is expected.
tangentiality in schizo
this occurs when a person goes off-topic or provides an irrelevant answer during conversation. The response is loosely related or completely unrelated to the question or topic at hand.
lack of logic (illogical thinking) in schizo
This involves making conclusions or statements that don’t follow a logical sequence or have faulty reasoning. The person may present ideas in a way that defies conventional logic.
perseveration in schizo
Repetitive thoughts or speech, where a person repeats the same word, phrase, or idea over and over, often despite a change in the topic or context.
neologism in schizo
The creation of new, often nonsensical, words that only have meaning to the person using them. These made-up words are often unrecognizable and not based on any known language.
thought blocking in schizo
This is when a person’s thoughts are interrupted or stopped abruptly, often in the middle of speaking. The person may pause for an extended period or appear to lose their train of thought.
clanging in schizo
Speech characterized by the use of rhyming or alliteration, often with words linked together based on sound rather than meaning. The focus is on the phonetic aspects of words, which can make the content nonsensical.
echolalia in schizo
The repetition or mirroring of words or phrases spoken by someone else, often without understanding the meaning. This behavior can be seen in individuals with autism or certain types of psychosis.
disorganized behaviour in schizophrenia
-incoherent or erratic behaviour (i.e. inappropriate dressing, cant complete tasks, aimless wandering)
-inappropriate emotional responses (laugh cry at wrong time)
-difficulty planning an sequencing (i.e. make a meal, hygiene)
catatonia
omplex psychomotor syndrome characterized by abnormal movements, behaviors, and reactions.
7 psychomotor disturbances seen in catatonia (decrease vs increase activity)
- motor immobility (reduced or lack of movement)
- stupor (unresponsive)
- ridigity (muscle stiff)
- strange postures (catalepsy)
- excessive motor activity
- echolalia (autonmatic repetition of words)
- echopraxia (imitate or mirror movements)
echolalia and echopraxia
echolalia- repeat words
echopraxia- imitate or mirror movements
negatove symptoms in schizophrenia
-less speech
-less emotions
-less social activity
-less motivation
-less psychomotor activity
onset of schizo
3rd decade
