wk 11 study questions Flashcards
four different methods to obtain a urine sample
Voided sample, manual expression, cystocentesis, urethral catheterization
where to store urine sample until use
refrigerator
There is a 25lb animal in intensive care. You have been assigned to monitor the
animal’s urine output. If the animal has normal renal function, what should be its
normal urine output per hour?
1-2ml/kg/hr; 25lbs =11.4 kg 11-22ml/hr
You have just placed a urethral catheter to obtain a urine sample. The directions for the procedure states that the 1st 3-5 ml of urine should be drawn into a separate syringe, then detached and a new syringe attached for aspirating the sample. Why is this part of the procedure performed?
The first few mls of the sample may be
contaminated
What is the “best” method of obtaining urine samples for bacterial culturing? Why?
Cyctocentesis-sterile collection
What is the most common reason that male cats must be catheterized?
To relieve urethral obstruction
What size urethral catheter is commonly used for male cats?
3.5 FR
What position(s) are animals normally restrained in for cystocentesis?
Dorsal recumbency, standing or lateral also
What size needle (gauge and length) should be used when performing
cystocentesis?
22g X 1 ½
What precautions should be taken when performing cystocentesis?
Carefully palpate bladder, use hand to keep bladder in place, make sure animal is not struggling, insert needle quickly and smoothly into bladder
Physiologically, what is the purpose of the structure called urethra?
Carries urine from bladder outside of body
the clinical applications for urethral catheterization in veterinary practice
a. Collect urine sample for testing
b. Administer medications into the bladder
c. Radiographic studies
d. Monitor urine output
e. Relieve urethral obstruction
What are two possible complications of urethral catheterization in a male dog?
Iatrogenic infection, urethral or bladder trauma
What is the preferred position for urethral catheterization in the male dog?
Lateral recumbency
Antiseptic solution such as Nolvasan (Chlorhexidine) is recommended for use in the urethral catheterization procedure. For what part of the procedure is it used?
Cleansing the tip of the penis
You are preparing to obtain a urine sample from a male dog via urethra
catheterization. The dog weighs 78lbs. What size urethral catheter should you
select to perform the procedure?
12 FR
four types of urethral catheters available
Metal, rubber, polypropylene, Foley
The unit of measurement that urethral catheters are measured in is?
french
Why is it important that you select the proper size urethral catheter?
To prevent urethral trauma
Describe a Foley catheter and explain when we might want to choose this type of urethral catheter
The Foley catheter has a balloon in which we can inject air; helps keep the catheter in place used for indwelling catheter placement in dogs
What is an iatrogenic infection and what precautions should be taken to prevent it
when placing a urethral catheter?
It is an infection caused by the procedure we must use aseptic/sterile procedures such as clipping the hair, cleansing the penis, wearing sterile gloves, using sterile lubricant, and a sterile catheter
It is recommended that the approximate length that the urethral catheter must be
passed in the male dog be predetermined before actual catheterization. What complication(s) could occur if not done?
Trauma to the bladder wall if too long,
knotting on itself
The retractable covering over the male dogs penis
prepuce
During the urethral catheterization procedure, who should retract the dog’s prepuce?
restrainer
Resistance may be encountered when passing the catheter into the male dog’s
urethra. At what anatomical locations is this most likely to occur?
os penis, ischial arch, prostate gland
Many animals do not tolerate having a urethral catheter in place long term. What
can be done to limit the animal’s ability to remove the catheter?
Place an Elizabethan collar
What steps should be taken to prevent infection if the animal has a long-term
urethral catheter in place?
Clean connection between catheter and IV line, place antibiotic ointment around end of catheter
How often should an indwelling urinary catheter be replaced?
every 4-5 days
You have obtained a diagnostic quality urine sample by urinary catheterization.
What information about the procedure should you record in the pet’s medical chart?
Date, time, type and size of catheter, amount of sample obtained, any medications instilled, any comments, your initials
Prior to placing a urethral catheter in a female dog, the vulva should be cleansed
with an antiseptic. Give the name of a product we might use
Nolvasan or Chlorhexidine solution
The 3 different types of female urethral catheters available are?
Metal, red rubber, polypropylene
You need to catheterize a female dog named Molly. She weighs 20lbs. What size urethral catheter should be used?
8FR
What position is the awake female dog restrained in for urethral catheterization?
standing
What can be done prior to female catheterization to reduce the animal’s discomfort?
Administer topical anesthetic into the vulva
When using a speculum to pass the urethral catheter through, why must it be
directed dorsally first, then cranially?
To avoid the clitoral fossa
What is the clitoral fossa? Where is it located? Why must it be avoided when
placing a urethral catheter?
Blind sac just inside the opening to the vulva, will be painful
When placing a urethral catheter in the female dog using the “visual technique”,
what instrument(s) can be used to locate the urethral opening?
Type of speculum with a light source such as otoscope w/speculum, laryngoscope blade, vaginal speculum
It is important to know the approximate location of the urethral opening (orifice)
when placing a urethral catheter. Anatomically speaking where is the opening in relation to the vagina and vulva?
Approximately 3-5cm or 1-2 inches from the opening of the vagina/vulva
How long is the female dog’s urethra?
3-5 inches
The approximate distance in inches from the vulva to the urethra opening is?
1-2 inches
The total approximate length the catheter must be passed to reach the bladder
is?
4.5-8 inches (3-5 + 1-2 + 0.5-1)
Manual compression of the bladder after a urethral catheter is in place is not
recommended because?
You could cause the catheter to damage the wall of the bladder and possibly rupture the bladder
What information concerning the urethral catheterization procedure should be
entered in the patient’s medical chart?
Date, time, type an size of catheter, amount of sample obtained, any medication instilled, any comments, your initials
What information should be included on the label of a urine sample once collected?
Owner name, pet name, date & time collected, how the sample was collected
How does the tactile method for urethral catheterization differ from the visual
technique?
The tactile method is a blind technique, visual is using a speculum to visualize the opening
What is the urethral papilla? Where is it located?
It is a 0.5-1.5 cm round firm mass 1-2 inches cranial to the vulva
What anatomical landmarks can be used to locate the urethral papilla?
Ventral surface of vagina floor 1-2 inches from opening of the vulva
to locate the urethral papilla how far should the index finger be inserted?
It is approximately to your second knuckle
What is the best time of day to collect a urine sample? Why?
First sample in the morning-most concentrated
If a pet owner brings in a voided urine sample for testing where should the sample be stored until we can run the tests?
refrigerator
When collecting a urine sample by urethral catheterization, what should be done to keep the contents of the urethra from contaminating the sample?
sterile supplies - let first bit run through and then collect remaining amount (?)
