Witwer Flashcards
what tissues do breast cancers arise from
parenchymal lobar, lobular, and/or ductal
inflammatory aggressive cancers infiltrate
breast
skin
benign breast masses (6)
cysts
fibroadenomas
fibrocystic changes
lipomas
fat necrosis
lymph nodes
2 types of mammography
screening
diagnostic
screening mammography is used for
asymptomatic women
routine check ups based on standardized guidelines
diagnostic mammography is used when there is
clinical finding of concern
symptomatic women
positive screening mammogram
cystic findings on mammography
thin walls
no solid components
clear homogenous fluid
sharp, smooth complete margins
low density
benign calcifications are (3)
large
coarse
smooth
what do you think when you see: small, fine, polymorphic grouped calcifications
malignant calcifications
what do you think when you see, irregular spiculated margins
malignant calcifications
in terms of size, benign calcifications tend to be __
and malignant calcifications tend to be __
large
small
3 examples of low density, benign mammography findings
cysts
lipomas
galactoceles
limitations of mammography in breast ca evaluation (lots!)
evaluating 3D object w. 2D imaging → overlapping appearance of masses and calcifications
breast tissue is very variable/wide range of normal
false negatives: 8-10%
also false positives
what type of breast is esp difficult to evaluate w. mammography
breast implants
in the US, gestational age is determined by
first day of LMP → ~14 days prior to time of conception
full term pregnancy is __ weeks
with a range of __
40 weeks
38-42 weeks
actual age of fetus from fertilization to conception
fetal age
fetal age is usually __ weeks < gestational age
2
fetal development: 0-8 weeks
embryo
0-delivery
fetus
the gestational sac appears at __ weeks
4
the yolk sac appears at
5 weeks
fetal heart is first seen at __ weeks
6-7
what determines the age and location of the embryo/fetus
US
if you do not see expected fetus/embryo, think __
ectopic pregnancy
what determines the management of labor
biophysical profile
what does the biophysical profile evaluate
well being of fetus
biophysical profile < __ is associated w. fetal hypoxemia/acidemia
8-10
3 hemorrhagic conditions of pregnancy
subchorionic hemorrhage
placental praevia
abruptio placenta
inner and outer membranes surrounding the fetus
inner: chorionic membrane
outer: amniotic sac
hemorrhage btw uterine wall and chorionic membrane → strips placenta from its attachment
subchorionic hemorrhage
placenta covers cervical oz → vaginal bleeding
placental praevia
bleeding btw placenta and uterine wall → prematurely separates placenta from uterine wall → strips placenta from maternal blood supply
abruptio placenta
in terms of tx, abruptio placenta is a
medical emergency!
what do you think when you see:
vaginal bleeding in post menopausal woman PLUS endometrial thickness > 5mm
endometrial ca
what do you think when you see:
NO vaginal bleeding BUT endometrial thickness > 11 mm
also endometrial ca
what do you do if you suspect endometrial ca
D&C
what is a D&C
dilation of cervix → remove endometrial tissue for eval
4 changes to ovarian and uterine anatomy w. age
vaginal walls thinner, dryer, less elastic
uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries shrink
loss of muscle and CT
decrease in estrogen
2 types of US used to evaluate pelvis
transabdominal
transvaginal
transabdominal US uses __ as a window,
and the transducer is placed on the __
full bladder
anterior lower abd
in a transvaginal US, the transducer is placed __
into the vagina
duh
benefit of transvaginal US
much greater resolution
use caution w. transvaginal US in what 2 pt pops
young
virginal
