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Psychology-1000 > Winter Exam 3 > Flashcards

Winter Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Behaviour is a function of _____ and _____

A

the Person and the Environment

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2
Q

what is the formula for behaviour

A

B=f(P, E)

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3
Q

true or false: behaviour depends more on where you are than who you are

A

true

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4
Q

what is social psychology

A

The study of how people influence others’ behavior, beliefs, and attitudes

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5
Q

Humans have a biologically based need
for interpersonal connections

A

need to belong theory

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6
Q

what is social comparison theory

A

We seek to evaluate our abilities and beliefs by comparing them with those of others

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7
Q

what is social facilitation

A

The presence of others can enhance our
performance in certain situations

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8
Q

refers to taking on for ourselves the behaviours, emotional displays, and
facial expressions of others

A

mimicry

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9
Q

Unwritten guidelines for how to behave in social contexts

A

social norms

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10
Q

what is ostracism

A

Powerful form of social pressure. exclusion from a society or group

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11
Q

guidelines that apply to specific positions
within the group

A

social roles

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12
Q

what did guards in the stanford prison experiment do

A

they were very aggressive and harsh in punishment and treatment

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13
Q

what is social loafing

A

When individuals put less effort into tasks when working with others

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14
Q

what occurs when an individual puts less effort into working on a task with others

A

social loafing

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15
Q

When one’s performance is affected by the presence of others

A

social facilitation

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16
Q

_____ – or the threat of _____ – has been associated with increased risk for anxiety, abnormal eating behaviour, reduced intelligence, reduced test performance and other effects

A

isolation

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17
Q

obedience and conformity are examples of ___ ____

A

social influences

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18
Q

true or false: social influences are adaptive not maladaptive

A

false. they are adaptive under most circumstances but they can become maladaptive

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19
Q

people are more or less likely to conform when there is only one other person in the vicinity

A

less

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20
Q

people are more or less likely to conform when there are only strangers in the room

A

less

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21
Q

people are more or less likely to conform when the tasks are clear and simple

A

less

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22
Q

people are more or less likely to conform when one other person does not conform

A

less

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23
Q

people are more or less likely to conform when responses are anonymous

A

less

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24
Q

people are more or less likely to conform when they are in a large group

A

more

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25
Q

people are more or less likely to conform when there are people they know in the vicinity

A

more

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26
Q

people are more or less likely to conform when tasks are ambiguous

A

more

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27
Q

people are more or less likely to conform when others conform first

A

more

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28
Q

people are more or less likely to conform when responses are public

A

more

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29
Q

When group members tend toward the same ideas to minimize conflict

A

groupthink

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30
Q

a decision-making problem in which group members avoid arguments and strive for agreement

A

groupthink

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31
Q

what is conformity

A

The tendency to alter our behaviour as a result of group pressure

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32
Q

the asch experiments were a demonstration of what?

A

conformity

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33
Q

true or false: your self esteem impacts how likely you are to conform

A

true. lower self esteem = more likely to conform

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34
Q

what phenomenon “doesn’t always lead to bad decisions, but does routinely lead to overconfidence”

A

groupthink

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35
Q

what is the problem with groupthink

A

An emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking

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36
Q

what are the 7 symptoms of groupthink

A
  1. illusion of groups invulnerability
  2. illusion of group unanimity
  3. unquestioned belief about groups correctness
  4. conformity pressure
  5. stereotyping the outgroup
  6. self-censorship
  7. mindguards
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37
Q

what is conformity pressure

A

pressure on group members to go along with everyone else

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38
Q

what is self-censorship

A

the tendency of group members to keep their mouths shut even when they have doubts

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39
Q

what are mindguards

A

self-appointed individuals whose job it is to stifle disagreement

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40
Q

what is group polarisation

A

tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions of individual group members

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41
Q

true or false: group polarization can cause views to become more extreme

A

true

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42
Q

Adherence to instructions
from those of higher authority

A

obedience

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43
Q

what did the milgram experiment study

A

obedience to authority

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44
Q

true or false: obedience can be problematic

A

true, if people stop asking why they’re behaving how others want them to

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45
Q

Subjects were taken to a lab and introduced to a fellow “volunteer” and the researcher

A

the milgram experiment

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46
Q

in the milgram experiment the greater the distance between teacher and
experimenter, the ____ obedience

(more/less)

A

less

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47
Q

in the milgram experiment the greater the distance between teacher and learner, the _____ the obedience

(more/less)

A

more

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48
Q

what is the bystander effect

A

If one person witnesses an emergency, it is as if 100% of the responsibility for helping falls on that person. If 10 people witness an emergency, that responsibility is diffused, so it is as if each person feels only 10% of the
responsibility—which may not be enough to motivate a person to act.

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49
Q

Tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on other people’s behaviour

A

fundamental attribution error

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50
Q

what is attribution

A

the process of assigning cause to behaviour

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51
Q

what is the fundamental attribution error

A

When we look at others’ behaviour we overestimate impact of dispositional influences (e.g.
traits like intelligence or personality) and underestimate impact of situational influences (e.g.
financial status, external pressures)

  • When it comes to evaluating our own behaviour, we do the
    opposite
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52
Q

which fundamental attribution error does “He’s such a careless driver. He
never watches out for other cars” describe

A

dispositional

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53
Q

which fundamental attribution error does “He probably got caught in some bad
traffic, and then he was late for a meeting.”

A

situational

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54
Q

what is diffusion of responsibility

A

reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others

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55
Q

what is pluralistic ignorance

A

error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do

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56
Q

what is prosocial behaviour

A

behaviour intended to help others

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57
Q

when are people more likely to help (4)

A
  1. unable to escape
    from a situation
  2. have adequate time to
    intervene
  3. Are in a good mood
  4. Have been exposed to
    research on bystander
    intervention
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58
Q

what is altruism

A

helping others in need without receiving or expecting reward for doing so

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59
Q

what are the seven influences on aggression

A
  1. Interpersonal provocation
  2. Frustration
  3. Media influences
  4. Aggressive cues
  5. Arousal
  6. Alcohol and other drugs
  7. Temperature
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60
Q

what are explicit processes

A

“conscious” thought. deliberative, effortful, relatively slow, and generally under our intentional control

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61
Q

what are implicit processes

A

“unconscious” thought; they are intuitive,
automatic, effortless, very fast, and operate largely outside of our intentional
control

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62
Q

what are dual process-models

A

models of behaviour that account
for both implicit and explicit processes

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63
Q

refers to the processes by which individuals categorize and form judgments about other people

A

person perception

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64
Q

what personality traits influence aggression (3)

A

lack of closeness to others, impulsivity, negative emotions

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65
Q

what is rational aggression

A

form of indirect aggression involving spreading rumours, gossiping, and nonverbal putdowns for the purpose of social manipulation

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66
Q

very small samples of a person’s behaviour is called

A

thin slices of behaviour

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67
Q

occurs when a first impression (or an expectation) affects one’s behaviour, and then that affects other people’s behaviour, leading one to “confirm” the initial impression or expectation

A

self fulfilling prophecy

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68
Q

these arise out of a need to feel good about ourselves

A

self-serving bias

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69
Q

Projecting the self onto others:

A

False consensus and naïve realism

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70
Q

what are ingroups

A

groups we feel positively toward and identify
with

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71
Q

what are outgroups

A

“other” groups that we don’t identify
with

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72
Q

what is ingroup bias

A

occurs when positive biases toward the self get extended to include one’s ingroups and people become motivated to see their
ingroups as superior to their outgroups

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73
Q

Tendency to favour individuals within our
group over those from outside our group

A

in-group bias

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74
Q

Tendency to view all individuals outside our
group as highly similar

A

out-group homogeneity

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75
Q

A belief, positive or negative, about the
characteristics of members of a
group that is applied generally to most
members of the group

A

stereotype

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76
Q

Drawing negative conclusions about a
person, group of people, or situation
prior to evaluating the evidence

A

prejudice

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77
Q

Negative behaviour toward members of
outgroups

A

discrimination

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78
Q

explains how people can be persuaded to change their attitudes

A

Elaborative Likelihood Model

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79
Q

a dual-process model of persuasion that predicts whether factual information or other types of information will be most influential

A

elaborative likelihood model

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80
Q

In the central route people are persuaded by ______

A

the content of a message

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81
Q

in the peripheral route people are influenced by ______

A

the way the content is presented
-> the style over the substance

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82
Q

what re the five ways the peripheral route can be used effectively

A
  1. authority
  2. liking (we believe those we like)
  3. social validation
  4. reciprocity (door in the face technique)
  5. consistency (foot in the door technique)
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83
Q

what is the door in the face technique

A

asking for something relatively big, then following with a request for something
relatively small

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84
Q

how does the door in the face technique work

A

logic is that once someone has scaled back their request, you are obligated to meet them part way

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85
Q

what is the foot in the door technique

A

making a simple request followed by a
more substantial request

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86
Q

how does the foot in the door technique work

A

makes use of a very strong
motivation held by many people – the need for psychological consistency

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87
Q

true or false: attitudes are good predictors of behaviour

A

false

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88
Q

A discrepancy between two beliefs leads to an unpleasant state of tension that we’re motivated to reduce

A

cognitive dissonance theory

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89
Q

what is cognitive dissonance theory

A

when we hold inconsistent beliefs, this creates a kind of aversive inner tension, or “dissonance”; we are then motivated to reduce this tension in whatever way we can

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90
Q

according to cognitive dissonance theory how can someone resolve the tension (3)

A
  1. changing the first cognition/belief
  2. changing the second cognition/belief
  3. introducing a third cognition that solves the issue
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91
Q

what do health psychologists study?

A

positive and negative impacts that humans’
behaviour and decisions have on their health, survival, and well-being

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92
Q

Tobacco use causes an estimated _____ deaths worldwide each year

A

7 million

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93
Q

what is the positive reinforcement of smoking

A

nicotine stimulated reward circuitry
in the nervous system

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94
Q

what is the negative reinforcement of smoking

A

nicotine reduces uncomfortable
withdrawal symptoms

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95
Q

true or false: visual processing impacts motivation to smoke

A

true. visual cues illicit neural responses

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96
Q

true or false: discrimination impacts weight loss/gain

A

true

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97
Q

ability to keep positive relationships and to endure and recover from social isolation and life stressors

A

social resillience

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98
Q

the often subtle, unintentional spreading
of a behaviour as a result of social interactions

A

social contagion

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99
Q

what is the highest item on the life events scale for stress?

A

death or major illness of a loved one

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100
Q

what is the lowest order on the life events scale fr stress

A

Minor violations of the law (e.g., traffic ticket)

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101
Q

true or false: pregnancy and sexual dysfunction are tied on the life events scale for stress

A

false. pregnancy is rated 40 points and sexual dysfunction is rated 39 points

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102
Q

what is stress

A

psychological and physiological reaction

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103
Q

when does stress pccur

A

when perceived demands exceed existing
resources to meet those demands

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104
Q

____ refers to the cognitive act of
assessing and evaluating the potential threat and demands of an event

A

apprasial

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105
Q

what are the two steps in appraisal

A

primary appraisal and secondary appraisal

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106
Q

what is primary appraisal

A

the evaluation of how (potentially) harmful a particular situation is

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107
Q

what is secondary appraisal

A

the evaluation of whether the individual possesses the resources to successfully face the demands of the situation

108
Q

a range of emotional intensity in which [they are] most likely to perform at their best

A

Individual zone of optimal functioning (I Z O F)

109
Q

performance is related to what two factors

A

the difficulty of the task and the level of arousal/stress while it is being performed

110
Q

For easy tasks, moderately ____levels of arousal helps

A

high

111
Q

for difficult task ___ levels of arousal is ideal

A

low

112
Q

a set of physiological changes that occur in response to psychological or physical threats

A

fight or flight response

113
Q

what is general adaptation syndrome

A

a theory of stress responses and physiological changes when exposed to stress

114
Q

what are the three stages in general adaptation syndrome. explain them

A
  1. alert (fight or flight)
  2. resistance (body tries to repair itself after the initial shock of stress)
  3. exhaustion (occurs from prolonged or chronic stress where you body is no longer able to cope with stress)
115
Q

The stress pathways of the body
include the ______ and the ____

A
  1. autonomic nervous system
  2. HPA axis
116
Q

The autonomic response involves stimulation of the _____ by the sympathetic nervous system

A

adrenal medulla

117
Q

chemicals that stimulate the fight-or-flight
response are ____ (2)

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

118
Q

Activity of the HPA axis results in stimulation of the ______, which releases
cortisol into the bloodstream

A

adrenal cortex

119
Q

a hormone involved in reproduction, childbirth, and social bonding

A

oxytocin

120
Q

what is the tend and befriend response

A

They nurture (tend) or seek social support (befriend) when faced with a potentially dangerous situation

121
Q

Higher oxytocin and _____ levels are associated with positive social interactions between married couples

A

vasopressin

122
Q

what is Psychoneuroimmunology

A

the study of the relationship between immune system and nervous system functioning

123
Q

true or false: caring for someone with altzheimers is related to slower healing

A

true

124
Q

The complete or partial blockage of the arteries that provide oxygen to the heart

A

coronary heart disease

125
Q

most ulcers are cause by a bacteria called _____

A

Helicobacter pylori

126
Q

what is coping

A

the processes used to manage demands,
stress, and conflict

127
Q

what are the two coping approaches

A

problem focused and emotion focused

128
Q

_____ uses scientific methods to study
human strengths and potential

A

Positive psychology

129
Q

what is optimism

A

tendency to have a favourable, constructive view on situations and
to expect positive outcomes

130
Q

tendency to have a negative perception of life and expect negative outcomes

A

pessimism

131
Q

the tendency to interpret and explain negative events as internally based (i.e., as being due to that person rather than to an
external situation) and as a constant, stable quality

A

Pessimistic explanatory style

132
Q

what is negative affectivity

A

tendency to respond to problems with pattern of anxiety, hostility, anger, guilt, or nervousness

133
Q

what is resilience

A

the ability to effectively recover from
illness or adversity

134
Q

what is a type a personality

A

personality type that describes people who are competitive, driven, hostile, and ambitious

135
Q

true or false: excercise has long term impacts on cognition

A

false. SHORT TERM impacts on cognition

136
Q

The acquired failure to avoid or escape unpleasant circumstances that are perceived as uncontrollable is referred to as
_____

A

learned helplessness

137
Q

true or false: randomness causes anxiety

A

true

138
Q

true or false: those who feel out of control are more likely to see patterns where there are none

A

true

139
Q

mechanism that is put in place to satisfy the requirement for a security measure that is deemed too difficult or impractical to implement at the present time

A

compensatory control

140
Q

variety of practices that train attention and awareness

A

meditation

141
Q

Receptors convert the stimulus into a neural impulse. this process is called _____

A

transduction

142
Q

what is the cycle of a self-fulfilling prophecy

A

you have a belief which leads to actions that reflect that. people reflect, see the actions and this confirms the belief

143
Q

psychological phenomenon in which high expectations lead to improved performance in a given area and low expectations lead to worse

A

Pygmalion effect

144
Q

what did the robbers cave study study

A

how easy groups could both turn on each other and come together

145
Q

what is the friction reduction phase

A

challenges where participants in robbers cave study were forced to work together to solve problems

146
Q

whenever there are two or more groups that are seeking the same limited resources, this will lead to conflict, negative stereotypes and beliefs, and discrimination between the groups. this is called __________

A

realistic conflict threory

147
Q

the perception of stimulus occurs in specialized brain regions. there are: (3)

A
  1. visual
  2. auditory
  3. olfactory
148
Q

what is the absolute threshhold

A

the level at which a stimulus can be detected 50% of the time

149
Q

____ theory recognizes that a stimulus is either present or absent based on the sensory process

A

signal detection theory

150
Q

what is the decision process in signal detection theory

A

when the individual either reports detecting the
stimulus or does not

151
Q

perception below the threshold of conscious awareness is called ____

A

subliminal perception

152
Q

previous exposure to a stimulus can influence that individual’s later responses

A

priming

153
Q

what is the difference between sensation and perception

A

sensation is the detection of sensory info and perception is the brains interpretation of that data

154
Q

what is gestalt psychology

A

an approach to perception that emphasizes the ”the whole is greater than the sum of its parts”

155
Q

what are the five principals of gestalt psychology

A
  1. figure and ground
  2. proximity (helps us group items together)
  3. similarity
  4. continuity (tendency to view items as whole
    figures even if the image is broken)
  5. Closure (tendency to fill in gaps so as
    to see a whole object)
156
Q

why do people think they hear things in backwards music

A

the brain tries to make sense from nonsense

157
Q

______ processing can be used to perceive specific phrases

A

Top-down

158
Q

top down processing is based on

A

prior knowledge

159
Q

bottom up processing is based on

A

construction

160
Q

When participants are given no direction from the experimenters and simply listen to
backward music, they are engaging in ____ processing

A

bottom-up

161
Q

____ is a filter that influences what aspects we perceive or pay attention to

A

perceptual set

162
Q

True or false: bottom-up processing occurs when our perceptions are influenced by our
expectations or by our prior knowledge

A

false. that is top-down processing

163
Q

true or false: bottom-up processing occurs when we perceive individual bits of sensory information (e.g. sounds) and use them to construct a more complex perception (e.g.
a message)

A

true

164
Q

____ attention involves focusing on one particular event or task

A

selective

165
Q

Process of selecting one sensory channel and
ignoring/minimizing others

A

selective attention

166
Q

true or false: expectation have little effect on perception

A

false

167
Q

what is divided attention

A

paying attention to more than one stimulus or task at the same time

168
Q

failure to notice clearly visible events or objects because attention is directed elsewhere

A

inattentional blindness

169
Q

Wavelength is measured by _____

A

distance between the peaks (or the troughs) of the waves

170
Q

When _____ travels through ____, the bending of the light reveals the visible light spectrum

A

white light, a prism

171
Q

Colours vary by what three things

A

hue (colour), saturation (colourfulness), intensity (brightness)

172
Q

Related to the amount of light reflected back to the eye

A

intensity (brightness)

173
Q

the white portion of the eye

A

Sclera

174
Q

what is the iris and what does it do

A

the coloured portion that controls how much light enters the eye

175
Q

the hole where light enters the eye

A

pupil

176
Q

transparent cells that focus light on the back of the eye

A

cornea

177
Q

what part of the eye changes curvature (accomodation) to reflect light onto back of eye and is important as we adjust for distance of objects (close to us or far away

A

the lens

178
Q

____ and _____ cells collect
messages from the light-sensitive
photoreceptors and converge on the
____ ____, which then carries the
messages to the brain

A
  1. Bipolar
  2. ganglion
  3. optic nerve
179
Q

Cones are concentrated at the _____

A

fovea

180
Q

what is the centre of the retina called

A

the fovea

181
Q

where are rods in the retina located

A

the periphery

182
Q

There are approximately _____ rods and
approximately _____ cones in the adult retina

A
  1. 120 million
  2. 6 to 8 million
183
Q

According to this theory, humans have three types of cones that respond maximally to different regions of the colour spectrum

A

The Trichromatic Theory of Colour Vision

184
Q

Reds wavelengths are ___

short, medium or long

A

long

185
Q

greens wavelengths are ___

short, medium or long

A

medium

186
Q

blues wavelengths are ___

short, medium or long

A

short

187
Q

The _____ exits the back of the eye and is composed of the axons of ganglion cells

A

optic nerve

188
Q

Trichromatic theory says colour vision is based on what

A

our sensitivity to three primary colours: blue, green, red

189
Q

which theory explains colour blindness

A

trichromatic theory

190
Q

what is opponent process theory

A

theory that states that the human visual system interprets information about color by processing signals from photoreceptor cells in an antagonistic manner

suggests that the way humans perceive colors is controlled by three opposing systems

191
Q

what are the three opposing channels in our vision according toopponent process theory

A
  1. blue versus yellow
  2. red versus green
  3. black versus white
192
Q

____ theory sees colour vision as a
function of complementary, opposing colours

A

opponent process

193
Q

Nearsightedness and farsightedness result from ____

A

misshapen eyes

194
Q

true or false: eye shape impacts where an image hits the retina

A

true. If the eye is
elongated or too short, images are not centred on the retina

195
Q

The ____ is the membrane at the back of the eye

A

retina

196
Q

what is the fovea responsible for

A

acuity (sharpness of vision)

197
Q

At the ____, some of the cells remain on the same side and some cross to the opposite
side of the brain

A

optic chiasm

198
Q

how can scientists can measure the activity of individual feature detector cells

A

inserting a microscopic electrode into the visual cortex of an animal

activity level will peak when the animal is shown the specific feature corresponding to that specific cell

199
Q

Neural impulses leave the visual
centres in the occipital lobe along
two pathways. These are:

A
  1. The ventral (bottom) stream extends to the temporal lobe
  2. the dorsal (top) stream extends
    to the parietal lobe
200
Q

what are the three perceptual constancies

A
  1. shape constancy
  2. colour constancy
  3. size constancy
201
Q

what is shape constancy

A

we perceive objects as staying the same shape, even when they’re rotated or viewed from different angles

202
Q

what is size constancy

A

the ability to see an object as staying the same size, even when it is moved to a different location

203
Q

what is colour constancy

A

when we are able to see colours in different objects, even if the light reflecting off these objects is different

our brain understands that the colour of an object is not dependent on the type of light that is shining on it

204
Q

the images taken in by both eyes to give depth perception

A

binocular depth cues

205
Q

There are two types of binocular depth cues. what are they

A

convergence and retinal disparity

206
Q

what is retinal disparity

A

the difference between the visual images that each eye perceives because of the different angles in which each eye views the world

207
Q

what is convergence (depth cues)

A

when both eyes rotate inward at different angles to focus on an object. The degree to which the eyes turn is sent to the brain to determine how far away an object may be

208
Q

what’s the difference between binocular depth cues and monocular depth cues

A

binocular = two eyes, monocular = one eye

209
Q

what are the 5 monocular depth cues that are mentioned in the slides

A
  1. relative size
  2. linear perspective
  3. motion parallax
  4. accomodation
  5. texture gradient
210
Q

what happens in monocular accomodation

A

the lens changes shape to accommodate the light when the same object is moved close

211
Q

what is monocular motion parallax

A

when you move your head and objects that are farther away appear to move at a different speed than those closer to you

212
Q

when the angles of two adjacent objects and the distance between them look smaller and smaller. This causes your eye to interpret those objects as increasingly farther away from you

A

linear perspective

213
Q

what is relative size (monocular depth cues)

A

judging how big or small the object is and what that means in relation to other objects you’ve interacted with in the past.

214
Q

The _____ of a sound wave (cycles per second) is associated with pitch,
while ___ (the height of the sound wave) is associated with loudness

A
  1. frequency
  2. amplitude
215
Q

true or false: hearing relies on sound waves

A

true. The perception of hearing is based on the physical properties of sound waves

216
Q

Sound waves travel from ____ to _____and
____, and then through the ____

A
  1. the outer ear
  2. the eardrum
  3. middle ear
  4. inner ear
217
Q

where is the cochlea

A

the inner ear

218
Q

where does transduction occur

A

the cochlea

219
Q

___ occurs through the movement of
the tiny hair cells lining the basilar membrane

A

transduction

220
Q

how does the brain localise sound

A

brain computes the small difference in time at which the sound reaches each of the ear + the loudness

221
Q

what is frequency theory

A

sound pitch is based on the rate at which the basilier membrane vibrates

222
Q

what is place theory

A

specific location along the basilar membrane matches a specific tone and pitch

223
Q

true or false: high frequency sounds stimulate hair cells at the base of the cochlea

A

true

224
Q

low frequency sounds stimulate hair cells where in the cochlea

A

near the end

225
Q

low pitch is fast or slow waves

A

slow

226
Q

true or false: high pitch sounds have fast waves

A

true

227
Q

what is the volley principal

A

another name for frequency theory

explains how the inner ear detects the frequency of a sound and states that our perception of a sound’s frequency depends on how often the auditory nerve fires

228
Q

perception of beats in music is correlated with activation where

A

the basal ganglia

229
Q

true or false: there is a link between behaviour and beat perception and movement

A

true

230
Q

what are the two groups of structures in the vestibular system

A

the vestibular sacs and the semicircle canals

231
Q

detects our head’s position, particularly when it is no longer upright

A

vestibular sacs

232
Q

what do the semicircle canals do

A

detect when our head is in
motion

233
Q

true or false: the vestibular system is connected to the amygdala and the basal ganglia

A

false. the amygdala and the insula

234
Q

what is kinesthesis

A

Receptors in muscles and joints send sensory messages to the brain, helping us
maintain awareness and control of our movements

235
Q

_____ and ____ are sensory receptors that provide information about changes in
muscle length and tension

A
  1. Muscle spindles
  2. Golgi tendon organs
236
Q

true or false: the nerve endings for pain are very sensitive and are located deep under the skin

A

false. they are very sensitive, but are located near the surface of the skin

237
Q

what is gate control theory

A

asserts that non-painful input closes the nerve “gates” to painful input, which prevents pain sensation from traveling to the central nervous system

238
Q

describes how non-painful sensations can override and reduce painful sensations

A

gate control theory

239
Q

nerves in the spinal cord conduct pain messages. according to gate control theory, the stimulation of ___ fibres inhibit pain, and the stimulation of ____ fibres detect pain

A
  1. large fibres inhibit
  2. small fibres = pain
240
Q

what is a mirror box used for

A

therapy for amputees experiencing phantom pain

241
Q

true or false: physical sensations of pain can not be triggered by emotions of pain when seeing someone else in pain

A

false. emotions of pain can influence physical sensations

242
Q

what part of the brain is possibly involved in empathy pain

A

the insula

243
Q

what is the gustatory system

A

the system of taste

244
Q

what is the system of smell called

A

the olfactory system

245
Q

what are the bumpy surfaces on the tongue called

A

papillae

246
Q

The tongue is lined with _____

A

papillae

247
Q

where are the taste buds located

A

inside papillae on your tongue

248
Q

the tiny receptors to which chemicals bind in your mouth

A

taste buds

249
Q

true or false: number of taste buds varies from person to person

A

true

250
Q

taste sensitivity is caused by what

A

the amount of taste buds on the tongue

251
Q

We are sensitive to five basic tastes. these are:

A
  1. Sweet
  2. salty
  3. sour
  4. bitter
  5. umami
252
Q

Lining the olfactory _____ are tiny ____ that collect airborne chemicals

A
  1. epithelium
  2. cilia
253
Q

what sends messages to the nerve fibres that make up the olfactory bulb

A

cilia

254
Q

airborne chemicals that interact with lining in our nasal passages

A

odours

255
Q

somatosensory

A

touch and pain

256
Q

the kinesthetic sense

A

Proprioception

257
Q

the vestibular sense

A

equilibrium and balance

258
Q

______ argues that neural mechanisms in the spinal cord regulate conscious awareness of pain

A

gate control theory

259
Q

____s occur when our expectations influence
our perceptions

A

perceptual sets

260
Q

_____ allows us to perceive stimuli consistently across conditions

A

Perceptual constancy

261
Q

Rules that govern how we perceive objects as wholes within their overall context

A

gesalt principals

262
Q

the ___ demonstrates that depth
perception is partly
innate and a result of
experience

A

visual cliff

263
Q

the neural integration or combination of information from different sensory modalities

A

multimodal integration theory

264
Q

what is multimodal integration theory

A

Combining sensations from different modalities into single
integrated perception

265
Q

what is the mcgurk effect

A

perceptual phenomenon that demonstrates an interaction between hearing and vision in speech perception

for example, when we hear the sound ‘da’ while seeing the face of a person articulate ‘ga’, many adults perceive the sound ‘ba’, a third sound which is a blend of the two

266
Q

a condition in which stimulation of one sense generates a simultaneous sensation in another

A

synesthesia

auditory-tactile synesthesia ftw woooo

Psychology-1000 (7 decks)

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