Winter Exam 2 Flashcards
chap 11 & 12
____ concerns the physiological and psychological processes underlying the initiation of behaviours
motivation
____ refers to the body’s physiological processes that allow it to maintain consistent internal states in response to the outer environment
homeostasis
_____ is the process whereby motivation is not only influenced by current needs, but also by the anticipation of future needs caused by stress
allostasis
what two features make-up motivation
drive and incentive
what are drives
biological triggers that cause you to seek out something
(i.e. being thirsty -> getting water)
what are incentives
the stimuli you seek to reduce the drives
what is homeostasis
the process of maintaining an internal state that is relatively stable
what part of the brain signals when it is time to eat
the lateral region of the hypothalamus
what parts (2) of the brain signals when to stop eating
the ventromedial and paraventricular regions of the hypothalamus
which region of the brain is involved in emotional processing
the cingulate cortex
what part of the brain is responsible for linking food taste and texture with reward
The orbitofrontal cortex
what part of the brain is activated when fat receptors in the tongue are stimulated
the cingulate cortex
what does the orbitofrontal cortex do?
link food with reward
true or false: activity in the oribitofrontal cortex decreases when you no longer feel like eating
true
true or false: motivation to eat does not impact activity in the basal ganglia
false
what is unit bias
the tendency to assume that the unit of sale or portioning is an appropriate amount to consume
what are the three social factors to eating
- social facilitation
- impression management
- modelling
social facilitation causes you to eat ____ (more/less). why?
more. the longer you sit at a table + are encouraged to get more
impression management causes you to eat ___ (more/less). why?
less. some cultures view eating a lot as rude, thus people will eat less to create a certain social image
“a disorder of positive energy balance, in which energy
intake exceeds energy expenditure”
obesity
what is the average duration of anorexia?
1.7 years
what is the average duration of bulimia?
8 years
what is the percentage of people with anorexia receiving treatment?
34%
what is the percentage of people with bulimia receiving treatment?
43%
what is intrasexual selection
“members of the same sex compete in order to win the opportunity to mate with members of the opposite sex”
what is intersexual selection
“members of one
sex select a mating partner based on their desirable traits”
the motivation for sexual activity and pleasure is called ___
the libido
who was the first scientist to study human sexuality
Alfred Kinsey, a zoology professor
true or false: women’s sexual response profile is similar to men’s
false, it is more varied
what is sexual orientation
A consistent preference for sexual relations with members
of the opposite sex, same sex, or either sex
what subregion of the hypothalamus did LeVay find was smaller in queer men
the INAH3
“refers to individuals who experience a mismatch between
the gender that they identify with and their biological sex”
transgender
“the motivation to maintain relationships that involve pleasant
feelings such as warmth, affection, appreciation, and mutual concern for each person’s well-being” is called
the need to belong
___ love is associated with a physical and emotional longing for the other person
passionate
“related to
tenderness, and to the affection we feel when our lives are
intertwined with another person”
companion love
the drive to perform at high levels and to accomplish significant goals
achievement motivation
what is an approach goal
an incentive that one is drawn towards
i.e. praise, reward, satsifaction
what is an avoidance goal
effort to avoid an outcome that is unpleasant
i.e. shame, financial loss, emotional pain
an individual’s confidence that they can plan and execute a course of action in order to solve a problem
self-efficacy
what is self-determination theory
ones ability to achieve goals and maintain their well being is related to how in control they are of the behaviours needed for said goals
motives that reflect a desire
to understand or overcome a challenge
intrinsic or mastery motives
motives
that are geared toward gaining rewards or public
recognition, or avoiding embarrassment
extrinsic or performance motives
a feeling of having little or no motivation
to perform a behaviour
amotivational
what are the three components of emotion
- subjective thought or experience
- patterns of neural activity or physical arousal
- observable behavioural expression
what sends signals to the amygdala to influence activity
sensory cortices
The Autonomic Nervous System is involved in ____
emotional responding
what does the sympathetic nervous system do
prepares the body to respond to stress
what does the parasympathetic nervous system do
restores homeostasis
what us the james lange theory of emotion
stimulus creates a bodily response, brain interprets this physical reaction as emotion
what is the cannon bard theory of emotion
stimulus invokes emotional experience and physical reaction simultaneously
what is the facial feedback hypothesis?
the idea that your facial experience impacts emotional states and how you feel
forcing a smile -> feeling happier
what is the two factor theory of emotion
having a physiological response that the brain then identifies inorder to have emotion. feeling arousal is not enough, you must also identify it in order to experience emotion
which theory of emotion does “emotions result from
our interpretations of
our bodily reactions to
stimuli” describe
james lang theory of emotion
which theory of emotion does “an emotion-provoking
event leads
simultaneously to an
emotional and bodily
reaction” describe
cannon bard theory of emotion
Two-factor theory argues that emotions are produced
by ______, with an
________
an undifferentiated arousal (“alertness”)
attribution (explanation) of that arousal
“patterns of physical arousal and the labels we attach form the basis of emotion” describes which theory of emotion
two factor theory of emotion
what does a polygraph do
measures whether heart rate and sweating
increase when a person responds to different events or
questions
what is emotional dialect theory
the idea that emotions are a universal language with subtle differences
what are display rules
a cultural regulation for how on is supposed to act and respond in situations
what is passionate love
love marked by powerful, even
overwhelming, longing for one’s partner
what is companionate love
love marked by a sense of
deep friendship and fondness for one’s partner
“characteristic pattern of thinking,
feeling, and behaving that is unique to each
individual”
personality
what is a trait
an enduring predisposition that influences our
behaviour across many situations
what is personality
characteristic pattern of thinking feeling and behaving that remains relatively consistent over time and across situations
what is an idiographic approach
focuses on detailed descriptions of individuals and identifying their unique characteristics and life experiences
what is a nomothetic approach
examines personality as a general concept and the principals of a group, not of an individual person
what are personality traits
psychological characteristics that make up part of a persons personality and how they are most of the time
___ is used to group items that people respond
to similarly
factor analysis
What acronym is used for the Big Five of personality
O.C.E.A.N
What traits make up the big five
- openness
- conscientiousness
- extroversion
- agreeableness
- neuroticism
“describes a person’s ability to regulate impulse control in order to engage in goal-directed behaviours”
conscientiousness
“refers to how people tend to treat relationships with others”
agreeableness
“reflects the tendency and intensity to which someone seeks interaction with their environment, particularly socially”
extroversion
“refers to one’s willingness to try new things as well as engage in imaginative and intellectual activities”
openness/openness to experience
“the overall emotional stability of an individual through how they perceive the world”
neuroticism
what is the lexical hypothesis/approach
proposes the personality traits and differences that are the most important and relevant to people eventually become a part of their language
What is the HEXACO model
beyond the big five with honesty + humility. the six factor theory
what are the HEXACO traits
- Honesty + Humility
- Emotionality
- E(x)troversion
- Agreeableness
- Conscientiousness
- Openness (to experience)
describe the authoritatian personality (3)
- rigid thinking
- strict us vs them categories
- superiority of us over them
what are the three traits in the dark triad
- Machiavellianism
- Psychopathy
- Narcissism
“______ is a tendency to use people and to be manipulative and deceitful, lacking respect for others and focusing predominantly on one’s own self- interest.
Machiavellianism
what is Machiavellianism
tendency to use others and lack respect for them
” _____ is a general tendency
toward having shallow emotional
responses”
Psychopathy
“____ reflects an egotistical
preoccupation with self-image and an
excessive sense of self-importance”
Narcissism
“____ is a problematic set of personality characteristics that also predisposes people to certain types of violent or anti-social tendencies”
Right-wing authoritarianism
what are the three key tendencies of a right-wing authoritarian personality
- obeying orders, letting established authorities in society make your decisions
- supporting aggression against those who differ from the traditional social roles and order
- believing strongly in maintaining the traditional social order
true or false: infants show personality traits in the first months of their life
true
“____ refers to personality-like attributes that appear to be
present at birth”
Temperament
what are examples of temperament (4)
- activity level
- mood
- attention span
- distractibility
what adult traits does infant temperament predict (3)
- neuroticism
- extroversion
- conscientiousness
true or false: the big five personality traits remain stable over time
false
true or false: conscientiousness doesn’t begin rising until high school
false. its after the traditional college years
true or false: openness to experience hits a plateau after college
true
what is a state in personality
a temporary physical or psychological
engagement that influences behaviour
what four situational aspects impact personality
location (work, home, etc), associations (who is present), activity (awake, rushed, etc), subjective states (drunk, angry, etc)
what did behaviourists think personality was
an expression of
relationships between behaviour, rewards, and
punishment
“____s avoided referring to
personality traits and dispositions, instead focusing on how past experiences predict future
behaviours”
Behaviourists
what is personality according to the Reciprocal Determinism and the Social- Cognitive Approach
a product of dynamic interactions between behaviour and reinforcement.
additionally the beliefs, expectancies, and dispositions of
the individual
what does WEIRD stand for
-Western
-Educated
- Industrialized
- Rich
- Democratic
what are response styles
characteristic ways of responding to
questions
Genes code for ____ related to personality
brain chemicals
true or false: serotonin is related to personality
true
what is a Genome-wide association study (GWAS)
examining the D N A of the entire genome of individuals
and determining which genetic variants are associated
with a particular trait (including diseases)
what were the four humours
blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow
bile
throwback to gothic literature class <333
humourism believed illnesses and disorders were caused by what?
an imbalance of the four humours, either too much or not enough
i.e. melancholia thought to have been caused by an excess of black bile -> i miss gothic lit class </3
what was phrenology
phrenology was the belief that you could measure someones passions, desires, soul, etc based on how much space was being occupied by different parts of the brain. there were different sections that were each related to a different function. people believed that this is what caused bumps on the skull
it was related to physiognomy which was another pseudoscience popular at the time man i really miss gothic literature class
____Theories focus on how personality arises
through complex interactions involving motivational
conscious and unconscious processes that occur from early
development on through adulthood
Psychodynamic
what are the two key aspects of a psychodynamic take on personality
- the unconscious influences behaviour
- there is little control or insight
what is the unconscious mind
works to influence and guide your
behaviours without you being aware of this
what is the conscious mind
everything you are aware of
“Freud believed that we pass through stages, each of
which is focused on an ____”
erogenous zone
what is an erogenous zone
an area of the body that is sensitive to touch and results in sexual arousal when stimulated
what are the five stages of psychosexual development
- oral stage
- anal stage
- phallic stage
- latency stage
- genital stage
what is the Oedipus complex
conflict in which
boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and
want to eliminate their fathers as rivals
what is the electra complex
the state of a young girl being attracted to the parent of the opposite sex during the phallic developmental stage while also developing a sense of competition with her mother
what stage of psychosexual development does the oedipus and electra complex emerge
the phallic stage
what is the latency phase
Unconscious sexual impulses
what happens in the genital stage (2)
- Sexual impulses awaken, reach awareness
– Romantic attraction to others emerges
when is the oral stage
birth till 12-18 months
when is the anal stage
18 months till 3 years
when is the phallic stage
3 to 6 years
when is the latency phase
6 to 12 years
when is the genital stage
12 years and beyond
how many defense mechanisms are there
8
what are defense mechanisms
unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety
name the 8 defense mechanisms
- denial
- displacement
- identification
- projection
- rationalisation
- reaction formation
- repression
- sublimation
“Simply blocking
distressing things from your mind can be a
remarkably effective strategy (until it eventually
comes back to haunt you)” describes which defense mechanism
denial
what is denial
Refusing to acknowledge
unpleasant information, particularly
about the self
what is displacement
transforming an unacceptable
impulse into a less unacceptable or
neutral behaviour
“After getting criticized by your boss at work, you go
home and yell at your spouse or criticize your
roommate for not doing more housework” describes which defense mechanism
displacement
“A child acts like their favourite hero-figure or an
adult copies a trend-setting celebrity. By
associating with a powerful, successful figure, they
feel more powerful and successful too” describes which defense mechanism
identification
“Unconsciously assuming the
characteristics of a more powerful
person in order to reduce feelings of
anxiety or negative feelings about
the self” is called ___
identification
“Perceiving in other people the
qualities that you don’t want to admit
to possessing yourself” is called ___
projection
“The classic insecure, tyrannical parent sees
hostility and “attitude” in other people, like their kids
or spouse, thinking that other people are always
seeing themselves as superior and are looking
down their noses at others” describes which defense mechanism
projection
what is rationalisation
attempting to hide your true motives
(even from yourself!) by providing
what seems like a reasonable
explanation for unacceptable
feelings or behaviours
‘People who are prejudiced against certain types or
groups of other people may not see themselves as
racist, but may instead believe that the group they
are prejudiced against actually does possess
certain negative qualities. By believing that people
from the disliked group are violent, or lazy, or
unintelligent, the person never has to confront their
own prejudice.” describes which defense mechanism
rationalisation
“Altering an impulse that one finds
personally unacceptable into its
opposite” is called ___
reaction formation
“people who are judgmental and
condemning of gay people yet are attracted to
members of the same sex themselves” is an example of which defense mechanism
reaction formation
“Keeping distressing information out
of conscious awareness by burying
it in the unconscious” is called ___
repression
“Many people believe that victims of abuse or
violence are sometimes able to repress their
traumatic memories, essentially “forgetting” that the
trauma occurred. Nevertheless, the trauma remains
in their unconscious, causing them to react in ways
that are driven by this unconscious material” this is an example of ___
repression
what is sublimation
Transforming unacceptable
impulses into socially acceptable or
even pro-social alternatives
____ operates to make you feel better by
finding socially acceptable outlets for unconscious
drives and urges.
sublimation
“This stage is about the foundation of the ego. Fixation at this stage
represents a basic lack of self-confidence and “ego-strength,” leaving the
person more dependent on, and therefore vulnerable to, external
sources of support”
the oral stage
“This stage is about the development of a sense of control and
competence. Fixation at this stage leads to a […] personality, manifesting either as an obsession with
cleanliness, order, and control, or as a disorganized person
anal stage
“a person further develops the superego due to the internalization of values from the parents. Fixation at this stage leads to problems with jealousy and obsessions with power and sex”
phallic stage
“ideally, this stage is fairly conflict-free. People focus on developing
themselves, discovering their interests through sports, arts, and general
activities. Fixation at this stage was not considered to be a big concern”
latency stage
in this stage “People focus on fully and
authentically engaging in the world, provided they are not fixated at
earlier stages.”
the genital stage
what are projective tests
ambiguous images are presented to an individual to
elicit responses that reflect unconscious desires or
conflicts
“In this projective test, the
individual is asked to tell a story
about what is happening in the
image. The responses to this
task are believed by some to
give important insights into an
individual’s personality”
the thematic apperception test
true or false: figure drawing as a prjective test is related to intelligence but not personality
true. it is also related to artistic ability
The reliability of a test refers to ____
how consistently it yields similar results
The validity of a test refers to ____
how well the test measures what it is intended to measure
how do you determine reliability with projective tests
two or more therapists
who analyze responses should come up with the same,
or very similar, conclusions
____ psychology focuses on the role of unconscious archetypes in
personality development
analytical
what is personal unconscious
basically the same as the Freudian unconscious, a
vast repository of experiences and patterns absorbed during the person’s life.
what is collective unconscious
a separate, non-personal realm of the
unconscious that holds the collective memories and mythologies of
humankind, stretching deep into our ancestral past
images and symbols that reflect common patterns of
experience across all cultures
archetypes
___ stems from experiences of helplessness
and powerlessness during childhood
inferiority complex
____ is the point at which a person reaches their full potential as a creative, deep-thinking, and
accepting human being
self-actualisation
Person-centred perspective was founded on the
assumption _____
that people are good, and given the
right environment their personality will develop fully and
normally.
“Avoiding the emotions
associated with anxiety-
provoking experiences by
focusing on abstract and
impersonal thoughts” describes which defense mechanism
intellectualisation
“low self-esteem that can lead to
overcompensation” describes ___
inferiority complex
Shared storehouse of memories that ancestors have passed down to us across generations
collective unconsious
Personalities are bundles of habits acquired by classical
and operant conditioning according to which approach
behavioural
the drive to develop
our innate potential
to the fullest
possible extent
self-actualisation
what is projective hypothesis in projective tests
When interpreting ambiguous stimuli, people project
aspects of their personality
what are emotions
Mental states or feelings associated with our evaluation
of our experiences
true or false: display rules do not impact emotions
true. it impacts its expression, not the experience of the emotion
polygraph is based on the idea of a pinnochio response. what is this?
supposedly perfect physiological or behavioural
indicator of lying
what are the two most powerful motivations
food and sex
what is motivation
The drives – especially wants and needs – that propel us
in specific directions
what is maslows hierachy of needs
Model proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs
and needs for safety and security before progressing to
more complex needs
what are the 7 levels in maslows hierarchy of needs and which two are sometimes removed from the list
- physiological needs
- safety needs
- belongingness and love needs
- esteem needs
- cognitive needs
- aesthetic needs
- self actualisation needs
sometimes removed are cognitive and aesthetic needs
the need to belong is also called ____
affiliation motivation
what is affiliation motivation
the motivation to maintain relationships that involve pleasant feelings such as warmth, affection, appreciation, and
mutual concern for each person’s well-being
