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Psychology-1000 > Winter Exam 2 > Flashcards

Winter Exam 2 Flashcards

chap 11 & 12

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1
Q

____ concerns the physiological and psychological processes underlying the initiation of behaviours

A

motivation

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2
Q

____ refers to the body’s physiological processes that allow it to maintain consistent internal states in response to the outer environment

A

homeostasis

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3
Q

_____ is the process whereby motivation is not only influenced by current needs, but also by the anticipation of future needs caused by stress

A

allostasis

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4
Q

what two features make-up motivation

A

drive and incentive

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5
Q

what are drives

A

biological triggers that cause you to seek out something

(i.e. being thirsty -> getting water)

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6
Q

what are incentives

A

the stimuli you seek to reduce the drives

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7
Q

what is homeostasis

A

the process of maintaining an internal state that is relatively stable

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8
Q

what part of the brain signals when it is time to eat

A

the lateral region of the hypothalamus

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9
Q

what parts (2) of the brain signals when to stop eating

A

the ventromedial and paraventricular regions of the hypothalamus

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10
Q

which region of the brain is involved in emotional processing

A

the cingulate cortex

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11
Q

what part of the brain is responsible for linking food taste and texture with reward

A

The orbitofrontal cortex

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12
Q

what part of the brain is activated when fat receptors in the tongue are stimulated

A

the cingulate cortex

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13
Q

what does the orbitofrontal cortex do?

A

link food with reward

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14
Q

true or false: activity in the oribitofrontal cortex decreases when you no longer feel like eating

A

true

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15
Q

true or false: motivation to eat does not impact activity in the basal ganglia

A

false

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16
Q

what is unit bias

A

the tendency to assume that the unit of sale or portioning is an appropriate amount to consume

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17
Q

what are the three social factors to eating

A
  1. social facilitation
  2. impression management
  3. modelling
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18
Q

social facilitation causes you to eat ____ (more/less). why?

A

more. the longer you sit at a table + are encouraged to get more

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19
Q

impression management causes you to eat ___ (more/less). why?

A

less. some cultures view eating a lot as rude, thus people will eat less to create a certain social image

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20
Q

“a disorder of positive energy balance, in which energy
intake exceeds energy expenditure”

A

obesity

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21
Q

what is the average duration of anorexia?

A

1.7 years

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22
Q

what is the average duration of bulimia?

A

8 years

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23
Q

what is the percentage of people with anorexia receiving treatment?

A

34%

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24
Q

what is the percentage of people with bulimia receiving treatment?

A

43%

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25
Q

what is intrasexual selection

A

“members of the same sex compete in order to win the opportunity to mate with members of the opposite sex”

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26
Q

what is intersexual selection

A

“members of one
sex select a mating partner based on their desirable traits”

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27
Q

the motivation for sexual activity and pleasure is called ___

A

the libido

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28
Q

who was the first scientist to study human sexuality

A

Alfred Kinsey, a zoology professor

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29
Q

true or false: women’s sexual response profile is similar to men’s

A

false, it is more varied

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30
Q

what is sexual orientation

A

A consistent preference for sexual relations with members
of the opposite sex, same sex, or either sex

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31
Q

what subregion of the hypothalamus did LeVay find was smaller in queer men

A

the INAH3

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32
Q

“refers to individuals who experience a mismatch between
the gender that they identify with and their biological sex”

A

transgender

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33
Q

“the motivation to maintain relationships that involve pleasant
feelings such as warmth, affection, appreciation, and mutual concern for each person’s well-being” is called

A

the need to belong

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34
Q

___ love is associated with a physical and emotional longing for the other person

A

passionate

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35
Q

“related to
tenderness, and to the affection we feel when our lives are
intertwined with another person”

A

companion love

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36
Q

the drive to perform at high levels and to accomplish significant goals

A

achievement motivation

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37
Q

what is an approach goal

A

an incentive that one is drawn towards

i.e. praise, reward, satsifaction

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38
Q

what is an avoidance goal

A

effort to avoid an outcome that is unpleasant

i.e. shame, financial loss, emotional pain

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39
Q

an individual’s confidence that they can plan and execute a course of action in order to solve a problem

A

self-efficacy

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40
Q

what is self-determination theory

A

ones ability to achieve goals and maintain their well being is related to how in control they are of the behaviours needed for said goals

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41
Q

motives that reflect a desire
to understand or overcome a challenge

A

intrinsic or mastery motives

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42
Q

motives
that are geared toward gaining rewards or public
recognition, or avoiding embarrassment

A

extrinsic or performance motives

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43
Q

a feeling of having little or no motivation
to perform a behaviour

A

amotivational

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44
Q

what are the three components of emotion

A
  1. subjective thought or experience
  2. patterns of neural activity or physical arousal
  3. observable behavioural expression
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45
Q

what sends signals to the amygdala to influence activity

A

sensory cortices

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46
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System is involved in ____

A

emotional responding

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47
Q

what does the sympathetic nervous system do

A

prepares the body to respond to stress

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48
Q

what does the parasympathetic nervous system do

A

restores homeostasis

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49
Q

what us the james lange theory of emotion

A

stimulus creates a bodily response, brain interprets this physical reaction as emotion

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50
Q

what is the cannon bard theory of emotion

A

stimulus invokes emotional experience and physical reaction simultaneously

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51
Q

what is the facial feedback hypothesis?

A

the idea that your facial experience impacts emotional states and how you feel

forcing a smile -> feeling happier

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52
Q

what is the two factor theory of emotion

A

having a physiological response that the brain then identifies inorder to have emotion. feeling arousal is not enough, you must also identify it in order to experience emotion

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53
Q

which theory of emotion does “emotions result from
our interpretations of
our bodily reactions to
stimuli” describe

A

james lang theory of emotion

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54
Q

which theory of emotion does “an emotion-provoking
event leads
simultaneously to an
emotional and bodily
reaction” describe

A

cannon bard theory of emotion

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55
Q

Two-factor theory argues that emotions are produced
by ______, with an
________

A

an undifferentiated arousal (“alertness”)

attribution (explanation) of that arousal

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56
Q

“patterns of physical arousal and the labels we attach form the basis of emotion” describes which theory of emotion

A

two factor theory of emotion

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57
Q

what does a polygraph do

A

measures whether heart rate and sweating
increase when a person responds to different events or
questions

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58
Q

what is emotional dialect theory

A

the idea that emotions are a universal language with subtle differences

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59
Q

what are display rules

A

a cultural regulation for how on is supposed to act and respond in situations

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60
Q

what is passionate love

A

love marked by powerful, even
overwhelming, longing for one’s partner

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61
Q

what is companionate love

A

love marked by a sense of
deep friendship and fondness for one’s partner

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62
Q

“characteristic pattern of thinking,
feeling, and behaving that is unique to each
individual”

A

personality

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63
Q

what is a trait

A

an enduring predisposition that influences our
behaviour across many situations

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64
Q

what is personality

A

characteristic pattern of thinking feeling and behaving that remains relatively consistent over time and across situations

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65
Q

what is an idiographic approach

A

focuses on detailed descriptions of individuals and identifying their unique characteristics and life experiences

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66
Q

what is a nomothetic approach

A

examines personality as a general concept and the principals of a group, not of an individual person

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67
Q

what are personality traits

A

psychological characteristics that make up part of a persons personality and how they are most of the time

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68
Q

___ is used to group items that people respond
to similarly

A

factor analysis

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69
Q

What acronym is used for the Big Five of personality

A

O.C.E.A.N

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70
Q

What traits make up the big five

A
  1. openness
  2. conscientiousness
  3. extroversion
  4. agreeableness
  5. neuroticism
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71
Q

“describes a person’s ability to regulate impulse control in order to engage in goal-directed behaviours”

A

conscientiousness

72
Q

“refers to how people tend to treat relationships with others”

A

agreeableness

73
Q

“reflects the tendency and intensity to which someone seeks interaction with their environment, particularly socially”

A

extroversion

74
Q

“refers to one’s willingness to try new things as well as engage in imaginative and intellectual activities”

A

openness/openness to experience

75
Q

“the overall emotional stability of an individual through how they perceive the world”

A

neuroticism

76
Q

what is the lexical hypothesis/approach

A

proposes the personality traits and differences that are the most important and relevant to people eventually become a part of their language

77
Q

What is the HEXACO model

A

beyond the big five with honesty + humility. the six factor theory

78
Q

what are the HEXACO traits

A
  1. Honesty + Humility
  2. Emotionality
  3. E(x)troversion
  4. Agreeableness
  5. Conscientiousness
  6. Openness (to experience)
79
Q

describe the authoritatian personality (3)

A
  • rigid thinking
  • strict us vs them categories
  • superiority of us over them
80
Q

what are the three traits in the dark triad

A
  1. Machiavellianism
  2. Psychopathy
  3. Narcissism
81
Q

“______ is a tendency to use people and to be manipulative and deceitful, lacking respect for others and focusing predominantly on one’s own self- interest.

A

Machiavellianism

82
Q

what is Machiavellianism

A

tendency to use others and lack respect for them

83
Q

” _____ is a general tendency
toward having shallow emotional
responses”

A

Psychopathy

84
Q

“____ reflects an egotistical
preoccupation with self-image and an
excessive sense of self-importance”

A

Narcissism

85
Q

“____ is a problematic set of personality characteristics that also predisposes people to certain types of violent or anti-social tendencies”

A

Right-wing authoritarianism

86
Q

what are the three key tendencies of a right-wing authoritarian personality

A
  1. obeying orders, letting established authorities in society make your decisions
  2. supporting aggression against those who differ from the traditional social roles and order
  3. believing strongly in maintaining the traditional social order
87
Q

true or false: infants show personality traits in the first months of their life

A

true

88
Q

“____ refers to personality-like attributes that appear to be
present at birth”

A

Temperament

89
Q

what are examples of temperament (4)

A
  1. activity level
  2. mood
  3. attention span
  4. distractibility
90
Q

what adult traits does infant temperament predict (3)

A
  1. neuroticism
  2. extroversion
  3. conscientiousness
91
Q

true or false: the big five personality traits remain stable over time

A

false

92
Q

true or false: conscientiousness doesn’t begin rising until high school

A

false. its after the traditional college years

93
Q

true or false: openness to experience hits a plateau after college

A

true

94
Q

what is a state in personality

A

a temporary physical or psychological
engagement that influences behaviour

95
Q

what four situational aspects impact personality

A

location (work, home, etc), associations (who is present), activity (awake, rushed, etc), subjective states (drunk, angry, etc)

96
Q

what did behaviourists think personality was

A

an expression of
relationships between behaviour, rewards, and
punishment

97
Q

“____s avoided referring to
personality traits and dispositions, instead focusing on how past experiences predict future
behaviours”

A

Behaviourists

98
Q

what is personality according to the Reciprocal Determinism and the Social- Cognitive Approach

A

a product of dynamic interactions between behaviour and reinforcement.

additionally the beliefs, expectancies, and dispositions of
the individual

99
Q

what does WEIRD stand for

A

-Western
-Educated
- Industrialized
- Rich
- Democratic

100
Q

what are response styles

A

characteristic ways of responding to
questions

101
Q

Genes code for ____ related to personality

A

brain chemicals

102
Q

true or false: serotonin is related to personality

A

true

103
Q

what is a Genome-wide association study (GWAS)

A

examining the D N A of the entire genome of individuals
and determining which genetic variants are associated
with a particular trait (including diseases)

104
Q

what were the four humours

A

blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow
bile

throwback to gothic literature class <333

105
Q

humourism believed illnesses and disorders were caused by what?

A

an imbalance of the four humours, either too much or not enough

i.e. melancholia thought to have been caused by an excess of black bile -> i miss gothic lit class </3

106
Q

what was phrenology

A

phrenology was the belief that you could measure someones passions, desires, soul, etc based on how much space was being occupied by different parts of the brain. there were different sections that were each related to a different function. people believed that this is what caused bumps on the skull

it was related to physiognomy which was another pseudoscience popular at the time man i really miss gothic literature class

107
Q

____Theories focus on how personality arises
through complex interactions involving motivational
conscious and unconscious processes that occur from early
development on through adulthood

A

Psychodynamic

108
Q

what are the two key aspects of a psychodynamic take on personality

A
  1. the unconscious influences behaviour
  2. there is little control or insight
109
Q

what is the unconscious mind

A

works to influence and guide your
behaviours without you being aware of this

110
Q

what is the conscious mind

A

everything you are aware of

111
Q

“Freud believed that we pass through stages, each of
which is focused on an ____”

A

erogenous zone

112
Q

what is an erogenous zone

A

an area of the body that is sensitive to touch and results in sexual arousal when stimulated

113
Q

what are the five stages of psychosexual development

A
  1. oral stage
  2. anal stage
  3. phallic stage
  4. latency stage
  5. genital stage
114
Q

what is the Oedipus complex

A

conflict in which
boys supposedly love their mothers romantically and
want to eliminate their fathers as rivals

115
Q

what is the electra complex

A

the state of a young girl being attracted to the parent of the opposite sex during the phallic developmental stage while also developing a sense of competition with her mother

116
Q

what stage of psychosexual development does the oedipus and electra complex emerge

A

the phallic stage

117
Q

what is the latency phase

A

Unconscious sexual impulses

118
Q

what happens in the genital stage (2)

A
  • Sexual impulses awaken, reach awareness
    – Romantic attraction to others emerges
119
Q

when is the oral stage

A

birth till 12-18 months

120
Q

when is the anal stage

A

18 months till 3 years

121
Q

when is the phallic stage

A

3 to 6 years

122
Q

when is the latency phase

A

6 to 12 years

123
Q

when is the genital stage

A

12 years and beyond

124
Q

how many defense mechanisms are there

A

8

125
Q

what are defense mechanisms

A

unconscious strategies the ego uses to reduce or avoid anxiety

126
Q

name the 8 defense mechanisms

A
  1. denial
  2. displacement
  3. identification
  4. projection
  5. rationalisation
  6. reaction formation
  7. repression
  8. sublimation
127
Q

“Simply blocking
distressing things from your mind can be a
remarkably effective strategy (until it eventually
comes back to haunt you)” describes which defense mechanism

A

denial

128
Q

what is denial

A

Refusing to acknowledge
unpleasant information, particularly
about the self

129
Q

what is displacement

A

transforming an unacceptable
impulse into a less unacceptable or
neutral behaviour

130
Q

“After getting criticized by your boss at work, you go
home and yell at your spouse or criticize your
roommate for not doing more housework” describes which defense mechanism

A

displacement

131
Q

“A child acts like their favourite hero-figure or an
adult copies a trend-setting celebrity. By
associating with a powerful, successful figure, they
feel more powerful and successful too” describes which defense mechanism

A

identification

132
Q

“Unconsciously assuming the
characteristics of a more powerful
person in order to reduce feelings of
anxiety or negative feelings about
the self” is called ___

A

identification

133
Q

“Perceiving in other people the
qualities that you don’t want to admit
to possessing yourself” is called ___

A

projection

134
Q

“The classic insecure, tyrannical parent sees
hostility and “attitude” in other people, like their kids
or spouse, thinking that other people are always
seeing themselves as superior and are looking
down their noses at others” describes which defense mechanism

A

projection

135
Q

what is rationalisation

A

attempting to hide your true motives
(even from yourself!) by providing
what seems like a reasonable
explanation for unacceptable
feelings or behaviours

136
Q

‘People who are prejudiced against certain types or
groups of other people may not see themselves as
racist, but may instead believe that the group they
are prejudiced against actually does possess
certain negative qualities. By believing that people
from the disliked group are violent, or lazy, or
unintelligent, the person never has to confront their
own prejudice.” describes which defense mechanism

A

rationalisation

137
Q

“Altering an impulse that one finds
personally unacceptable into its
opposite” is called ___

A

reaction formation

138
Q

“people who are judgmental and
condemning of gay people yet are attracted to
members of the same sex themselves” is an example of which defense mechanism

A

reaction formation

139
Q

“Keeping distressing information out
of conscious awareness by burying
it in the unconscious” is called ___

A

repression

140
Q

“Many people believe that victims of abuse or
violence are sometimes able to repress their
traumatic memories, essentially “forgetting” that the
trauma occurred. Nevertheless, the trauma remains
in their unconscious, causing them to react in ways
that are driven by this unconscious material” this is an example of ___

A

repression

141
Q

what is sublimation

A

Transforming unacceptable
impulses into socially acceptable or
even pro-social alternatives

142
Q

____ operates to make you feel better by
finding socially acceptable outlets for unconscious
drives and urges.

A

sublimation

143
Q

“This stage is about the foundation of the ego. Fixation at this stage
represents a basic lack of self-confidence and “ego-strength,” leaving the
person more dependent on, and therefore vulnerable to, external
sources of support”

A

the oral stage

144
Q

“This stage is about the development of a sense of control and
competence. Fixation at this stage leads to a […] personality, manifesting either as an obsession with
cleanliness, order, and control, or as a disorganized person

A

anal stage

145
Q

“a person further develops the superego due to the internalization of values from the parents. Fixation at this stage leads to problems with jealousy and obsessions with power and sex”

A

phallic stage

146
Q

“ideally, this stage is fairly conflict-free. People focus on developing
themselves, discovering their interests through sports, arts, and general
activities. Fixation at this stage was not considered to be a big concern”

A

latency stage

147
Q

in this stage “People focus on fully and
authentically engaging in the world, provided they are not fixated at
earlier stages.”

A

the genital stage

148
Q

what are projective tests

A

ambiguous images are presented to an individual to
elicit responses that reflect unconscious desires or
conflicts

149
Q

“In this projective test, the
individual is asked to tell a story
about what is happening in the
image. The responses to this
task are believed by some to
give important insights into an
individual’s personality”

A

the thematic apperception test

150
Q

true or false: figure drawing as a prjective test is related to intelligence but not personality

A

true. it is also related to artistic ability

151
Q

The reliability of a test refers to ____

A

how consistently it yields similar results

152
Q

The validity of a test refers to ____

A

how well the test measures what it is intended to measure

153
Q

how do you determine reliability with projective tests

A

two or more therapists
who analyze responses should come up with the same,
or very similar, conclusions

154
Q

____ psychology focuses on the role of unconscious archetypes in
personality development

A

analytical

155
Q

what is personal unconscious

A

basically the same as the Freudian unconscious, a
vast repository of experiences and patterns absorbed during the person’s life.

156
Q

what is collective unconscious

A

a separate, non-personal realm of the
unconscious that holds the collective memories and mythologies of
humankind, stretching deep into our ancestral past

157
Q

images and symbols that reflect common patterns of
experience across all cultures

A

archetypes

158
Q

___ stems from experiences of helplessness
and powerlessness during childhood

A

inferiority complex

159
Q

____ is the point at which a person reaches their full potential as a creative, deep-thinking, and
accepting human being

A

self-actualisation

160
Q

Person-centred perspective was founded on the
assumption _____

A

that people are good, and given the
right environment their personality will develop fully and
normally.

161
Q

“Avoiding the emotions
associated with anxiety-
provoking experiences by
focusing on abstract and
impersonal thoughts” describes which defense mechanism

A

intellectualisation

162
Q

“low self-esteem that can lead to
overcompensation” describes ___

A

inferiority complex

163
Q

Shared storehouse of memories that ancestors have passed down to us across generations

A

collective unconsious

164
Q

Personalities are bundles of habits acquired by classical
and operant conditioning according to which approach

A

behavioural

165
Q

the drive to develop
our innate potential
to the fullest
possible extent

A

self-actualisation

166
Q

what is projective hypothesis in projective tests

A

When interpreting ambiguous stimuli, people project
aspects of their personality

167
Q

what are emotions

A

Mental states or feelings associated with our evaluation
of our experiences

168
Q

true or false: display rules do not impact emotions

A

true. it impacts its expression, not the experience of the emotion

169
Q

polygraph is based on the idea of a pinnochio response. what is this?

A

supposedly perfect physiological or behavioural
indicator of lying

170
Q

what are the two most powerful motivations

A

food and sex

171
Q

what is motivation

A

The drives – especially wants and needs – that propel us
in specific directions

172
Q

what is maslows hierachy of needs

A

Model proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs
and needs for safety and security before progressing to
more complex needs

173
Q

what are the 7 levels in maslows hierarchy of needs and which two are sometimes removed from the list

A
  1. physiological needs
  2. safety needs
  3. belongingness and love needs
  4. esteem needs
  5. cognitive needs
  6. aesthetic needs
  7. self actualisation needs

sometimes removed are cognitive and aesthetic needs

174
Q

the need to belong is also called ____

A

affiliation motivation

175
Q

what is affiliation motivation

A

the motivation to maintain relationships that involve pleasant feelings such as warmth, affection, appreciation, and
mutual concern for each person’s well-being

Psychology-1000 (7 decks)

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