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Psychology-1000 > Introduction, Research Methods, Stats, Biological Psychology > Flashcards

Introduction, Research Methods, Stats, Biological Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Science?

A

the process of systemic observation

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2
Q

What is do scientific observations need to be, and what should you avoid using?

A

Objective and measurable observations
Avoid using your interpretation of events

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3
Q

What does it mean to say that Science is Democratic?

A

disagreements are solved by looking at the data and the evidence the data provides

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4
Q

What does it mean to say that Science is cumulative?

A

Big breakthroughs do not come out of no where. They come from small steps across time

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5
Q

True or False: Psychologists are all therapists

A

False. Psychology is a broad field

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6
Q

What is psychological inquiry?

A

the scientific study of human thought and behaviour on an individual level

Note: some exceptions in social psychology

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7
Q

What do Psychologists study?

A

human behaviour across all people

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8
Q

What does studying “good” and “bad” behaviour do?

A

Studying “good” and “bad” behaviour allows for the opportunity to understand why a behaviour occurs. It can then either be discouraged or encouraged

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9
Q

What is behaviour?

A

The observable actions produced by an organism while it adjusts to its enviornment

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10
Q

True or False: you are only adjusting to your environment when there are large changes

A

False. You are constantly adjusting to and reacting to things in your environment, both physically and inside your head.

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11
Q

True or False: Behaviour is solely the reaction to one’s environment

A

False. It is also a reaction to the interpretation of the environment

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12
Q

What is an example of an internal factor?

A

genetics

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13
Q

What is an example of an external factors?

A

Someone’s upbringing or where they live

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14
Q

What is the basis of CBT

A

Controlling maladaptive behaviour

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15
Q

What are the 2 parts required for informed consent?

A
  1. Signed statements indicating participants agree to be involved
  2. explaining so that the participant actually understands what you are doing to them
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16
Q

Why is informed consent sometimes difficult in social psychology?

A

Some experiments risk being affected when giving away all information, and thus must instead must only give away as much as they can without impacting the study.

They must give a debriefing at the end.

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17
Q

What is a big part of confidentiality?

A

Where your data is stored

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18
Q

What is important for data storage?

A

Servers must be in Canada, data must be encrypted

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19
Q

What is the animal rights perspective?

A

Animals have the same rights as humans

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20
Q

If following the animal rights perspective, can animals be used for studies?

A

No. They cannot give verbal consent like humans can

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21
Q

What is the animal welfare perspective?

A

Animal welfare is the utmost priority

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22
Q

What is the mind-body problem?

A

The conundrum of whether there is a physical mind that is part of the body or a figurative mind not bound by physics

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23
Q

What was the first scientific form of psychology?

A

Psychophysics

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24
Q

What is psychophysics?

A

An interest in the relationship between the physical and psychological worlds

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25
Q

What were the original Type of psychologists?

A

Structuralists

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26
Q

What were structuralists interested in?

A

The what. The structure of the mind

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27
Q

What was structuralism criticised as being?

A

Reductionist (reduced to fine details) and mentalistic (relying too much on introspection). Both have risk of missing stuff

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28
Q

What were functionalist interested in?

A

the purpose of thoughts and behaviours

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29
Q

What is the basis of gestalt psychology?

A

Don’t truly understand something by simply listing small features about it

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30
Q

What is colour constancy?

A

knowing it’s still the same colour even when the light changes

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31
Q

True or false: Phenemona can only be studied once

A

False. Can be done multiple times at various levels

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32
Q

What is the super ego?

A

code of ethics, social norms, etc

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33
Q

What is the ego?

A

The you that you know about

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34
Q

What is the Id?

A

tendencies not bound by ethics

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35
Q

What is the behaviourist perspective?

A

Looks purely at behaviour. “if you can’t see it it doesn’t matter.”

Come in to the world a blank slate and are shaped by experiences

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36
Q

What is different about the humanist perspective?

A

It looks forward, not back

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37
Q

What is the humanist perspective?

A

Everyone has hopes and dreams and the way you behave is a reflection of that

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38
Q

What is the cognitive perspective?

A

Behaviour is more than just stimulus response, it is how we interpret the environment to be

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39
Q

What is the biological perspective?

A

Behaviour explained by underlying physical structures and biochemical processes. It is not a reaction to anything, it is another level of analysis

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40
Q

True or false: Developmental psychology is the study of child development

A

False. it is the study of development across the life span

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41
Q

What is the basis of personality psychology?

A

What sets someone apart from others that is consistent across most situations

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42
Q

What is social psychology?

A

The influence that groups have on thoughts and behaviours and how group dynamics are influenced by individuals

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43
Q

What are the main aspects of clinical psychology

A

The assessment and treatment of disorders on emotional, mental, and behavioural levels

the promotion of psychological health (such as promoting sleep to prevent sleep deprivation)

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44
Q

True or False: It is possible to have absolute certainty in statistics

A

False. You only have varying degrees of probability. No matter how high the chances it will never be 100%

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45
Q

What is descriptive stats?

A

Describing the data in a way that the brain can comprehend without drawing conclusions

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46
Q

What are inferential stats?

A

Identifying if there are patterns in the data and determining if they are statistically significant

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47
Q

What does it mean for something to be statistically significant

A

That the difference is real and not just due to chance

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48
Q

Define “empirical methods”

A

approaches that are measurable and observable

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49
Q

What is empiricism?

A

the idea that all knowledge comes from experience

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50
Q

What is applied psychology

A

an interest in the application of psychology to everyday life. Mental testing for example

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51
Q

True or False: psychology aided to help add homosexuality to the DSM

A

False. The reverse is true.

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52
Q

Define “flashbulb memory”

A

A highly detailed and vivid memory of an emotionally significant event.

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53
Q

What is a neural impulse

A

An electro-chemical signal that enables neurons to communicate

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54
Q

The science of how genes and environments work together to influence behavior is called ____

A

behavioural genetics

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55
Q

Dizygotic twins are also known as ____

A

fraternal twins

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56
Q

Monozygotic twins are also known as ____

A

identical twins

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57
Q

What are quantitative genetics?

A

the scientific discipline in which similarities
among individuals are analyzed based on how biologically related they are.

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58
Q

True or false: genes are effected by environment

A

True. “genes cannot develop in a vacuum”

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59
Q

True or false: numerical analysis makes up a large portion of statistical investigation

A

False. it makes up a small part

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60
Q

What is central tendency

A

describing data with one single number. This includes mean, median, and mode

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61
Q

The mean is ___

A

the average

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62
Q

the median is…

A

the score that is in the middle, separating it in half

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63
Q

the mode is

A

the score that occurs most often

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64
Q

when is the mode used as a means of central tendency

A

when the data is not numerical

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65
Q

True or false: when looking at statistics you should look at more than the raw data

A

True. Rather than looking at the raw numbers, you are actually looking at the number of standard deviations

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66
Q

What is the p-value?

A

The probability value

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67
Q

What is a type one error

A

think something is there when it is not

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68
Q

What is a type two error

A

think something is not there when there is something

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69
Q

What is standardisation?

A

uniform and consistent procedures in all phases

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70
Q

the independent variable is

A

the variable the researcher manipulates

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71
Q

the dependent variable is

A

the variable you don’t control. the part you measure based on the IV

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72
Q

What are confounding variables

A

confused you interpretation of what is supposed to change

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73
Q

What is an expectancy effect?

A

when the researcher subtly communicates what they expect to find (typically unintentionally) and the participant thus tries to satisfy that

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74
Q

What is the placebo effect?

A

When the participant expects there to be a specific change and subconsciously adjust their behaviour to satisfy this

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75
Q

What is a double blind control?

A

Neither the participant nor the (hired) researcher know what is going on

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76
Q

What is placebo control?

A

Having a control group where everything is the same except it does not have the active ingredient

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77
Q

What are correlation methods?

A

determine how much two variables are related when the variables are unable to be manipulated

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78
Q

What is a between subjects design

A

Different groups of participants assigned to different conditions (experiment vs control)

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79
Q

What is within subjects design

A

Using the same group of subjects used throughout each level of the experiment

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80
Q

What is face validity

A

looks valid

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81
Q

What is predictive validity

A

measures that are good at predicting the phenomena

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82
Q

What is a self-report measures

A

they tell about themselves

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83
Q

What are behavioural measures

A

collecting data from other sources

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84
Q

what is a potential problem with behavioural measures

A

they rely on other people’s observations

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85
Q

what is an archival study?

A

info from existing records and data

86
Q

what are case studies

A

extensive observation of one either one person or a small group

87
Q

what are direct observations

A
  • Bring someone to a lab and then watch how they behave or perform under the controlled conditions set up by the researcher
88
Q

what are naturalistic observations

A

looking at the behaviour in the wild

note: you lose control over the environment

89
Q

True or false: income is a behavioural measure

A

True

90
Q

The neurons is the ___ of the nervous system

A

building block

91
Q

The soma is ___

A

the cell body

92
Q

True or false: dendrites are the starting point

A

True

93
Q

The synapses is

A

The junction between axon terminal and dendrite of next Neuron

94
Q

The synaptic terminals contain little containers that are called:

A

vesicles

95
Q

the potential difference across the membrane is called

A

the resting potential

96
Q

True or false: Ions cannot move freely through the membrane

A

true. they use an opening that can be opened or closed. these channels are specific to particles

97
Q

Ions move according to concentration. this is called the___

A

concentration gradient

98
Q

Hyper-polarize is when it is more or less negative

A

more negative

99
Q

de-polarise is when it is more or less negative

A

less negative

100
Q

true or false: you cannot generate an action potential during the absolute refractory period

A

true

101
Q

true or false: you cannot generate an action potential during the relative refractory period

A

false. you can, it is just harder

102
Q

During action potential, _____ enters the cell to fully depolarize it

A

sodium

103
Q

_____ then leaves the cell, causing it to become more negative than the resting state temporarily

A

potassium

104
Q

true or false: anions have their own channels

A

false they are proteins that never leave

105
Q

functions you don’t have to think about are:

A

Autonomic

106
Q

sympathetic nervous system is

A

you fight or flight

107
Q

parasympathetic nervous system is

A

controls visceral organs

108
Q

the somatosensory is responsible for

A

processing sensory info + controlling voluntary muscle movement

109
Q

the three interconnected layers to the brain are the:

A

Brain stem
limbic system
cerebrum

110
Q

the brain stem is responsible for

A

automative processes (heart rate, breathing)

111
Q

the limbic system is responsible for:

A

motivation, memory, emotion

112
Q

the cerebrum is responsible for:

A

sensory info, movement coordination, thinking and reasoning

113
Q

the thalamus, hyperthalamus and brain stem are all part of the:

(midbrain, forebrain, or hindbrain)

A

forebrain

114
Q

The substantial nigra does what

A

releases dopamine and sends it somewhere else

115
Q

the ventral tegmental area does what

A

releases dopamine that then travels to other parts of the forebrain

116
Q

the Pons is the

A

bridge between cerebellum and brain stem

117
Q

the medulla does

A

very basic functions

118
Q

the “gatekeeper” that determines the type of sound or stimulation that initiates action when unconscious is called

A

reticular formation

119
Q

the cerebellum is responsible for

A

motor coordination (not controlling) and learning

maintains equilibrium (posture)

120
Q

the limbic system contains the (3):

A

hippocampus
amygdala
hypothalamus

121
Q

the hippocampus is responsible for

A

memory formation for both explicit (conscious) and implicit learning

cognitive maps: when you get to know your way around your environment and can get there on autopilot

122
Q

what does the amygdala do

A

controls emotion, aggression, and retention of emotional information in memory

123
Q

what does the hypothalamus do

A

regulates behaviour that is already motivated -> stuff like eating, temperature, sexual arousal. determines if motivated behaviour should be continued or stopped

124
Q

what does the parietal lobe do

A

feelings of touch, pain, temperature

125
Q

what does the occipital lobe do

A

primarily vision processes

126
Q

what does the temporal lobe do

A

related to hearing, auditory cortex

determines what frequencies can be heard

127
Q

what is the frontal lobe responsible for

A

motor control, cognitive activitities (planning, decision making, goal setting), personality

128
Q

the motor cortex is responsible for:

A

action of voluntary muscles

129
Q

the somatosensory cortex is responsible for:

A

sensory input processing

130
Q

what does the association cortex do?

A

interprets and integrates information from sensory modalities in order to plan the response to stimuli

131
Q

true or false: the brain representation of body parts depend on their size

A

false. Representation of different body parts on the brain varies based on how many receptors there are

132
Q

____ is an impairment of language

A

Aphasia

133
Q

damage to Broca’s area causes:

A

impaired speaking

134
Q

damage to Wernicke’s area causes:

A

impaired understanding

135
Q

true or false: It is possible to grow new synapses or receptors

A

true

136
Q

neurogenesis is ___

A

the production of new brain cells from natural stem cells

137
Q

true or false. stem cells can replace damaged neurons

A

true, under the right conditions when prompted to do so

138
Q

Phantom Limb is when

A

Amputees experience feelings and pain in limbs that they do not actual have

139
Q

true or false: The somatosensory cortex does not actually need the body part to feel

A

true

140
Q

What is the neuralmatrix

A

a matrix of nerves in the parietal lobe. this matrix is independent of any limbs someone may or may not have. It is an association with a representation for the whole body and is not affected by development

141
Q

What is xenomelia?

A

Alien limb syndrome. Occurs when you have control over a limb but do not feel like it belongs to you

142
Q

True or false: you lose sensation if the somatosensory cortex is damaged

A

True

143
Q

What does electrophysiology do?

A

Records the electronic charge coming of of a single, or group, or neurons in order to read the action potential

144
Q

What does microdialysis do?

A

Measures fluid movement. you collect it and then measure how many neurotransmitters are in it

145
Q

What is the primary limitation of micro dialysis

A

You can only collect it every 10 minutes

146
Q

Where does the ventral tegmental area send dopamine

A

the nucleus accumbus

147
Q

Measures electrical activity at the scalp and records it

A

EEG

148
Q

timelocked processing of EEG signal

A

ERP

149
Q

A series of x-rays that are taken at different depths of brain tissue

A

CT

150
Q

Is a CT scan a functional measure

A

no

151
Q
  • Measures blood flow to brain areas
  • a radioactive form of sugar (glucose) is injected
A

PET

152
Q

an attempt to combine CT and PET using a giant magnet

A

fMRI

153
Q

Define Cause-and-effect

A

whether we say one variable is causing changes in the other variable, versus other
variables that may be related to these two variables

154
Q

What is a confidence interval?

A

An interval of plausible values for a population parameter; the interval of values within the margin of error of a statistic

155
Q

What is generalisability?

A

Related to whether the results from the sample can be generalized to a larger population

156
Q

What is the margin of error?

A

The expected amount of random variation in a statistic; often defined for 95% confidence level.

157
Q

With correlations, researchers measure _____

A

variables as they naturally occur

158
Q

With experiments, researchers____

A

manipulate a variable to watch what happens to the other variables

159
Q

Science is the result of ____ and ______ study of the natural world.

A

Systemic and intentional

160
Q

True or false: All methods have limitations, which is why the best research uses a variety of methods

A

True

161
Q

Random assignment is critical to experimentation because ____

A

if the only difference between the two groups is the independent variable, we can
infer that the independent variable is the cause of any observable difference

162
Q

What are confounds?

A

things that could undermine your ability to draw causal inferences

163
Q

participant demands occurs when

A

participants try to behave in a way they think the experimenter wants them to behave.

164
Q

correlational research is what

A

When scientists passively observe and measure phenomena

165
Q

in correlational research you both identify patterns and infer about causes

A

false. you simply identify

166
Q

who is the father of psychoanalysis

A

Sigmund freud

167
Q

what type of analysis centers around the study of stories and personal accounts of people, groups, or
cultures

A

narrative analysis

168
Q

what is a longitudinal study

A

track the same people over time

169
Q

the strength of a scientific finding lies in the strength of its ___

A

methodology

170
Q

“Resting Membrane Potential,” describes ______

A

what occurs in a neuron at rest, when
it is theoretically not receiving or sending signals

171
Q

Synapsesform between the ____

A

presynaptic terminal button

172
Q

what do interneurons do

A

process the sensory input from our environment into meaningful
representations

173
Q

what do unipolar neurons do

A

involved in transmission of physiological
information from the body’s periphery

174
Q

what do bipolar neurons do

A

involved in sensory perception such as
perception of light in the retina of the eye

175
Q

what do multipolar neurons do

A

they communicate sensory and motor information in the brain.

176
Q

which glia cells digest debris of dead neurons, carry nutritional support from blood vessels to the neurons, and help to regulate the ionic composition of the extracellular fluid?

A

microglia and astrocytes

177
Q

true or false: glial cells are involved in communication the same way neurons do

A

false

178
Q

negatively charged ions

A

anions

179
Q

positively charged ions

A

cations

180
Q

the force on molecules to move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

A

diffusion

181
Q

the force on two ions with similar charge to repel each other and the force of two ions with opposite charge to attract to one another

A

electrostatic pressure

182
Q

what is equilibrium potential

A

the voltage at which no ions flow

183
Q

true or false: action potential is all or nothing

A

true

184
Q

what is the threshold of excitation?

A

the minimum voltage to trigger an action potential. -55 mv

185
Q

what happens if two IPSPs come into the
cell at the same time

A

they sum together to increase hyperpolarization

186
Q

what are the gaps in the myelin sheath called

A

the nodes of ranvier

187
Q

no ions flow between the ______ and ______ fluid

A

intracellular, extracellular

188
Q

what is saltatory conduction?

A

the movement of action potential from node to node

189
Q

A neurotransmitter that does not bind to receptors is ______

A

broken down and inactivated
by enzymes or glial cell

190
Q

what is an axon?

A

Part of the neuron that extends off the soma, splitting several times to connect with other neurons; main output of the neuron

191
Q

what is an ionotropic receptor

A

Ion channel that opens to allow ions to permeate the cell membrane under specific conditions,

192
Q

what is the function of the Sodium-Potassium pump

A

An ion channel that uses the neuron’s energy (adenosine triphosphate, ATP) to pump three
Na+ ions outside the cell in exchange for bringing two K+ ions inside the cell

193
Q

what are spines

A

Protrusions on the dendrite of a neuron that form synapses with terminal buttons of the
presynaptic axon

194
Q

The nervous system is divided into _____ and _____ nervous systems

A

central, peripheral

195
Q

The bulges between sulci are called _____

A

gyro (gyrus plural)

196
Q

what is agnosia?

A

inability to know or understand language and speech-related behaviours

197
Q

the primary visual cortex is in the ____ lobe

A

occipital

198
Q

what is grey matter?

A

neuronal cell bodies

199
Q

what is white matter?

A

mylienated axons

200
Q

what is a downside to PET scans?

A

invasive and rendering poor spatial resolution

201
Q

What are afferent nerves

A

Nerves that carry messages to the brain or spinal cord

202
Q

what is the Arcuate fasciculus?

A

A fiber tract that connects Wernicke’s and Broca’s speech areas

203
Q

what is the Cingulate gyrus?

A

A medial cortical portion of the nervous tissue that is a part of the limbic system

204
Q

what are efferent nerves

A

Nerves that carry messages from the brain to glands and organs in the periphery.

205
Q

what is a fornix?

A

(plural form, fornices) A nerve fiber tract that connects the hippocampus to mammillary
bodies

206
Q

The brain uses _____ and ______,
delivered via the blood.

A

oxygen, glucose

207
Q

what happens if you suffer damage to the brain stem?

A

you will require life support

208
Q

what is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

A

technique in which an electronic pulse is applied to the head to temporarily induce weak reactions

209
Q

what is diffuse optical imaging?

A

shining infrared light on brain and measuring the light that comes out

210
Q

what is ablation

A

Surgical removal of brain tissue

211
Q

what is the basal ganglia?

A

Subcortical structures of the cerebral hemispheres involved in voluntary movement.

212
Q

The surgical procedure in which the corpus callosum is severed to control severe epilepsy is called _______

A

Callosotomy

Psychology-1000 (7 decks)

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