Winter Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Galton theorised that intelligence is a by-product of ___
A
sensory capacity
2
Q
Who designed the first intelligence test in 1905?
A
Simone and Binet
3
Q
what was the focus of simone and binets intelligence test?
A
mental processes such as reasoning, understanding and judgement
4
Q
what is fluid intelligence
A
the ability to learn new ways to solve problems
5
Q
what is crystalised intelligence
A
the knowledge you gain over time
6
Q
true or false: aging declines both fluid and crytsalised intelligence
A
false, fluid declines and crystalised remains stable
7
Q
what are Gardners multiple intelligences
A
- linguistic
- logico-mathematical
- spatial
- musical
- bodily-kinesthetic
- interpersonal
- intrapersonal
- natrualistic
8
Q
what are the three types of intelligence according to Sternberg
A
analytical, creative, and practical
9
Q
why are IQ tests less effective for adults than children
A
intelligence peaks early, but age keeps increasing
10
Q
intelligence is related to understanding theoretical concepts which is also called:
A
abstract thinking
11
Q
what is heritability estimates based on?
A
the sample size and their age
12
Q
true or false: heretibility estimates are not concrete
A
true. not a fixed number for everyone
13
Q
true or false: heretibility estimates increase between childhood and adulthood
A
true
14
Q
What kind of head injury is obtained in the NHL
A
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
15
Q
What is Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
A
a degenerative brain condition associated with memory loss, dementia, mood disorders, suicidality
16
Q
True or false: there are differences between male and female on general intelligence
A
false
17
Q
true or false: male intelligence is more varied
A
true
18
Q
what are the female unique cognitive abilities
A
verbal, memory, and emotions
19
Q
what is the male unique cognotive ability
A
visuospatial
20
Q
what is a stereotype threat
A
a negative stereotype about a group that can undermine accurate testing
21
Q
36% of variation in _____ score is due to the size of the cortex
A
verbal intelligence
22
Q
what are behavioural genomics?
A
a technique that examines how specific genes interact with the environment to influence behaviours, including those related to intelligence
23
Q
____ focuses on identifying genes that are related to increases or decreases in certain types of learning and problem solving
A
behavioural genomics
24
Q
Researchers have developed mouse models of intelligence using _____
A
Gene Knock Out (K O)
25
what are gene knockout (KO) studies?
removing a specific gene and comparing
the characteristics of animals with and without that gene
26
why would scientists would take the skulls of the deceased, fill them with fine metal pellets, and then measure the volume?
they believed brain size caused intellignece
27
true or false, more convolutions lead to a higher intelligence score
true. they are associated
28
Differences in gyri have also been found in humans, with the degree of convolutions
accounting for roughly ____% of the variability in W A I S scores.
25%
29
what is the third variable problem?
other factors that impact scores, such as training
30
what conditions are brain size and IQ used to understand? (2)
alcoholism and anorexia
31
what are the 6 aspects that may impact intelligence scores?
1. birth order
2. socioeconomic status
3. nutrition
4. stress
5. nootropic drugs
6. education
32
true or false: birth order impacts intelligence. why or why not
true. related to the resources received growing up
33
what is the flynn effect?
appears as though everyone s getting smarter. steady population level
increases in intelligence test scores over time
34
translator and editor are the suggested occupations for whch intelligence type?
linguistc
35
what are the charactieristics of linguistic intellignece?
speak and write well
36
what are the suggested occupations for Logico-mathematical intellignece
sceintist and engineer
37
"Use logic and mathematical skills to solve
problems, such as scientific questions" describes which intelligence type
logico-mathematical
38
whats the characteristic of spatial intelligence?
Think and reason about objects in three-
dimensional space
39
archietect and artist are suggested occupations for which inteligence type
spatial
40
Musician and teacher are the suggested occupations for which intelligence tyoe
Musical
41
what are the characteristic of musical intelligence
Perform, understand, and enjoy music
42
"Manipulate the body in sports, dance, or
other physical endeavours" descrobes what intelligence type
Bodily-kinesthetic
43
what are the suggested occupations for Bodily-kinesthetic intellignece
Athlete, coach, physiotherapist
44
whats the difference between interpersonal and intrapersonal?
interpersonal = others, intrapersonal = yourself
45
"Understand and interact effectively with
others" describes which intelligence type
interpersonalw
46
what are the recoomended occupations for interpersonal intellignece
Salesperson, teacher, counsellor
47
what is the characterctic of intrapersonal intellignce
Understand and possess insight into self
48
philospher and prophet are recoomended occupatons for whioch inteligence type
intrapersonal
49
what is naturalitic intelligence
Recognize, identify, and understand animals,
plants, and other living things
50
what are the recommended occupations for naturalistic intelligence
Naturalist, biologist, veterinarian
51
true or false: gardner proved that multiple intellignecces are independant
false. there is no good evidenece about thiss
52
who came up with the triarchic model?
steinberg
53
what is analytical intelligenece
the ability to reason logically, or
“book smarts”,
54
what is practical intellignece
he ability to solve real-world
problems, or “street smarts”,
55
what type of intelligence plays a role in test performance (triarchic model)
analytical
56
what type of intelligence may affect job performance and social interaction (triarchic model)
practical
57
what is creative intelligence
the ability to come up with novel and effective answers
58
true or false, only practical intelligence impacts job performance
false. both practical and creative do
59
true of false: practical intelligence is not independent of g factor
true
60
true or false: brain volume correlates with measured intelligence
true. between 0.3 and 0.4
61
Evidence suggests that _____ (brain region) development is slower in gifted children
cerebral cortex
62
higher intelligence is associated with lower _____ on some tasks and lower ____
1. brain activity
2. reaction time
63
what are g loaded tasks
tasks where performance is correlated
with g score
64
true or false: processing speed does not impact intellignece
false
65
what 5 things was the WAIS generate scores for
-Overall IQ
– Verbal comprehension
– Perceptual reasoning
– Working memory
– Processing speed
66
true or false: iq scores better predict job performance than interviews
true
67
what is the Dweck and Growth Mindset theory
Those that think IQ is fixed tend to take less academic risks, challenging themselves less
68
how much has intelligence scores been raising every ten years under the flynn effect
3 points every 10 years
69
what is divergent thinking
Capacity to generate many different solutions to the
same problem
70
what is convergent thinking
Capacity to find the single best answer to a problem
71
what is developmental psych
the study of how behaviour changes over time. Early development influences later behaviours
72
whats a cross sectional study
different groups of people—typically of
different ages—are compared at a
single point in time
73
what is a longitudinal study
the same group of subjects is
tracked over multiple points in time
74
whats the difference between viewing development as stages or gradual growth
stages are abrupt trasnistions, and gradual growth is more fine-tuning
75
what stage occurs at 0-2 weeks
germinal
76
what are the major events in the germinal stage (2)
- Migration of the blastocyst from the fallopian tubes and its implantation in the uterus.
- Cellular divisions take place that eventually lead to multiple organ, nervous system, and skin tissues
77
what weeks are the embryonic stage
2-8 weeks
78
what are major events in the embryonic stage (3)
- basic cell layers become differentiated
- Major structures such as the head, heart,
limbs, hands, and feet emerge.
- The embryo attaches to the placenta
79
what is the placenta
the structure that allows for the
exchange of oxygen and nutrients and the removal of wastes
80
when is the fetal stage
8 weeks till birth
81
what are the major events in the fetal stage (3)
-Brain development progresses as distinct regions take form.
- The circulatory, respiratory, digestive,
and other bodily systems develop.
- Sex organs appear at around the third month of gestation.
82
when do sex organs appear
third month
83
The origins of the major regions of
the brain are already detectable at
____ weeks
4
84
what is a teratogen
an agent or factor which causes malformation of an embryo
85
alcohol and cigarettes are called:
teratogen
86
what is the prevalnece of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
1.5 in 1000 worldwide
87
true or false: stress is a teratogen
true, it can be
88
what is the survival rate for infants born preterm at 25 weeks
50% chance
89
what is the survival rate for infants born preterm at 30 weeks
95%
90
what is the rate of preterm births
9%
91
what is the sensory experience before birth
story recall
92
what is vision at birth
30 cm or less. becomes 20/20 by 12months
93
what is smell at birth
they cringe at foul odours and can discriminate mothers breastmilk
94
what is the visual cliff used for
testing depth perception development
95
what is the rooting reflex
elicited by stimulation to the corners of the mouth, which causes infants to orient
themselves toward the stimulation and make sucking motions
96
what is the rooting reflex for
helps the infant begin
feeding immediately after birth
97
what is the moro-reflex
also known as the “startle” reflex, occurs when infants lose support of their head.
Infants grimace and reach their arms outward and then inward in a hugging motion
98
what is the grasping reflex
elicited by stimulating the infant’s palm. The infant’s grasp is remarkably strong
and facilitates safely holding onto their caregive
99
what is the stepping relfex
also known as the walking or dancing reflex, occurs when infants sense the onset
of pressure on the sole of a foot. In fact, if you support the infant upright and gently lower the foot to a
tabletop or surface, you will see the leg straighten.
100
what are the 6 stages of motor development in the first year
- raising head
- rolling over
- propping up
- sitting up
- crawling
- walking
101
during the first year, ___ grow in length, ____ increase in number and new connections are formed
1. axons
2. dendrites
102
what are the 5 parts of the sensitive period
- langauge fluency
- perception
- balance
- parental recognition
- idnityfn with a culture
103
what are piagets 4 stages of development
- sensorimotor
- pre-operational
- concrete operational
- formal operational
104
when is the sensorimotor stage and what is it
0-2 years old; direct sensory experiences and object permanence
105
when is the pre-operational stage and what is it
2-7 years old; thinking beyond immediate appearence. conservation
106
when is the concrete operational stage and what is it
7-11 years old; thinking becomes more logical and organised. able to put self in others shoes
107
when is the formal operational stage and what is it
12 years and byeond; ability for abstract and hypothetical thinking. scientific reasoning possible
108
what does egocentric mean
only from your point of view
109
what is primative reasoning
asking lots of questions
110
what is conservation
knowing amount stayes the same
111
compassion and planning abilities develop in what piaget stage
formal operational
112
what is the core knowledge hypothesis
the existence of fundamental cognitive systems/mechanisms upon which we develop and build new cognitive abilities
113
Being able to understand how objects are related to one another is referred to as ______ or ____
- transitivity
- transitive inference
114
what is the zone of proximal development
developmental ideal when a child attempts skills just beyond what they can do alone
phase of learning during
which children can benefit
from instruction
115
what is scaffolding
the approach to teaching where the teacher matches guidance to learners needs
Parents structure
environments for learning
and then gradually remove
them as children improve
116
what plays a central role in learning according to vgotsky
community and language
117
what are the difference between piaget and vgotskys view of development
piaget seen it as stages, vgotsky as something gradual and independent of stages due to social interactions
118
what are the 4 elementary mental functions
attention, sensation, perception, and memory
119
true or false: learning can precede development
true
120
what is attachment
an enduring, emotional bond
121
what is the strange situation test
mother leaves the room and leaves baby with a stranger
122
what does the strange situation test study
attachment styles
123
what are the three insecure attachment styles
- anxious-disoganised
- anxious-ambivalent
- anxious-avoidant
124
true or false: stress impacts development
true. toxic stress
125
true or false: people who are securely attached are more e=successful
true
126
true or false: having an insecure attachment style does not impact social skills
false
127
which insecure attachment style is it when a child hides their fellings at all times
anxious-avoidant
128
which attatachment style grows up to be seen as unpredicable and moody with a less positev self image
anxious-ambivalent
129
which attachment style grows up to have problems entering relatoinships
anxious-avoidant
130
what causes anxious-disorganised
the feeling of fear without resolution
131
which attatchment styles grows up to think they are unworthy of love
anxious-disorganised
132
when is your attatchment style formed
the first years of your life
133
what does toxic stress do
impairs brain development and weakens the immune system
134
true or false: toxic stress can alter gene expression
true
135
true or false: you can predict if someone will drop out based on their attachment style
true. at age 3 with 77% accuracy
136
true or false: parental relationships impact health
true. 91% of those who had a broken relationship with their mother had health issues 33 years later, compared to 45% of those with a good relationship
137
does attachment style determine how much someone knows themself?
yes
138
what is the attachment behavioural system
meeting our own needs for security
139
what is the caregiving behavioural system
focused on meeting the needs of others
140
what is introjection
internalisation of the conditional regard of significant other
141
what is inductive discipline
explaining the consequences of a childs actions on other people, activating empathy for others feelings
142
According to Piaget, children are no longer
exclusively egocentric if _____
they understand that
the other person sees the object differently
143
what is theory of mind
recognistion of thoughts, beliefs, and expectations of others
144
how do you test theory of mind?
false belief task
145
true or false: infants do not yet understand fairness
false
146
what did harry harlows monkey experiment test?
the nature of affection
147
what is cognitive reframing
technique that consists of identifying and then changing the way situations, experiences, events, ideas, and/or emotions are viewed
148
is emotional regulation fully developed by adolescence?
no
149
what is delayed gratification
act of resisting an impulse to take an immediately available reward in the hope of obtaining a more-valued reward in the future
150
why is delayed gratification important to develop
essential to self-regulation, or self-control
151
when does delayed gratification develop
adolescence
152
true or false: the limbic system is fully developed in adolescence
true
153
true or false: abstract thinking becomes possible during the concrete operational stage
false. formal operational stage
153
what is the primary factor in adolescent risk taking
other teenagers
154
what are kohlbergs three stages of moral reasoning
preconventional morality, conventional morality, post-conventional morality
155
which stage of moral development is"Characterized by self-interest in
seeking reward or avoiding
punishment"
pre-conventional morality
156
which stage of moral development is "very basic and egocentric "
pre-conventional
157
which stage of moral development has parents as a key influence
conventional morality
158
what is conventional morality characterised by
social conventions and rules
as guides for appropriate moral
behaviour
159
which stage of moral development sees rules as something abstract
post-conventional
160
what is the social institutionalist model an alternative to
rationalist model
161
what is the social institutionalist model
a model that emphasises cultural and social influences, as opposed to private reasoning in decision making
162
what are the three pieces to an identity crisis
curiousity, questioning, and exploration
163
how many substages are there in kohlbergs moral development theory
6
164
what is substage one of moral development, and which main stage
obedience and punishment; pre-conventional
165
selfinterest is which substage of moral development
stage 2; pre-conventional
166
what is substage 3 of moral development and which main stage is it
interpersonal accord and conformity; conventional
"what do others think of me?"
167
what is substage 4 of moral development and which main stage is it
authority and maintaining social order; conventional
"how can i maintain law and order?"
168
what substage of moral development is social contract and which main stage is it
stage 5; post-conventional
"does a rule truly serve all members of a community?"
169
what is the 6th substage of moral development?
universal and ethical principals
170
true or false: not everybody reaches the 6th substage of moral development
true
171
what drives decisions in the two stages in pre-conventional morality
fear, and self interest
172
what drives decisions in conventional morality
peer pressure and rules
173
which substage of moral development knows that rules can be complicated
social contract
174
which substage of moral development operates disconnencted from society and rules and solves everything with compassion
universal ethical principal
175
what are judgements on moral dilemmas based on
reason and emotional + intuitive reactions
176
what age is emerging adulthood?
18-24
177
what are the three main areas of growth during emerging adulthood
relatedness, autonomy, and competence
178
what is Socioemotional selectivity theory
younger people have better memory for positive, negative, and neutral images than older people. they remember positive and negative more, whereas older people remember positive ones more
179
what is authoritarian?
strict rules such as no crying
180
what is the result of authoriatarian parenting
emotional suppression and obedience is how to earn love. doesmt know what they want in adulthood and continues satisfying everyone else while being unfulfilled
181
what is permissive parenting
full freedom
182
what is the result of permissive parenting
doesnt learn how to cope with conflict or control emotions. grows up to act inconsiderate
183
what is authoritative parents (different than authoritatian)
they have rules but listen to their child
184
what is the result of authoritative parenting
learns that things are hard but they are supported, can better endure hardships and communicate
185
what are neglectful parents
parents who are not present in life
186
what is the result of neglectful parents
feeling alone, lack of trust in oneself. feeling like nothing matters because no one cares anyways, unable to form healthy relationships, tries not to feel anything as a result
187
what are over-involved parents
helicopter parents. micromanage every aspect
188
what is the result of over-involved parents
never learning how to overcome things, avoid challneges, procrastinate
189
what is alzheimers disease characterised by
- loss of both grey and white matter
- large buildup of the protein beta-amyloid (which kills nerve cells)
- tau proteins (maintain the structure of nerve cells) are defective resulting in neurofibrillary tangles
190
what does beta-amyloid do
kills nerve cells
191
what do tau proteins do
maintain nerve cell structure
192
What are the 4 anthropometric measurements?
height, weight, head circumference, body mass index (BMI), body circumferences to assess for adiposity (waist, hip, and limbs), and skinfold thickness
193
what is the mozart effect
the belief that mozart music makes you smarter because absorbing its beauty and complexity improved brain power
194
although the mozart effect is not real, there are temporary effects that music has. what causes them?
cognitive arousal
195
A year of piano lessons and consistent practice can improve IQ by:
up to 3 times
196
what is meta-analysis
investigating similar topic and past data
197
what makes up the full IQ score on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
general ability index, and cognitive proficiency index
198
what is included in the general ability index
the verbal comprehension index and the perceptual reasoning index
199
what is included in the cognitive proficiency index
the working memory index and the processing speed index
200
how can you test the processing speed index
symbol search and coding
201
arithmetic and digit span can help you test which index
working memory index
202
which index can you test with matrix reasoning (hidden meaning)
pereceptual reasoning index
203
what are the three ways to test the verbal comprehension index
vocabulary, similarities, and information
204
what is entity theory
the belief that intelligence is a fixed trait, a personal quality that cannot be changed
205
what is incremental theory
the belief that intelligence is a malleable quality that can increase through efforts
206
why was the ravens progressive matrice invented
to account for language barrier
207
what are thurstones seven primary mental abilites?
- word fluency
- verbal comprehension
- numeric abilities
- spatial visualistion
- memory
- perceptual speed
- reasoning
208
what is the hierarchal theory of intellignece
nesting - abilities nested within something. lots of aspects to it
209
_____ intelligence is dynamic and changing
fluid
210
____ intellignece is stuff like facts and other things you know
crystalised
211
___ factor ____ intelligence is a blend of several different cognitive abilities
g, fluid
212
video games help ______ intelligence
visuospatial intelligence
213
what is the heritability of intelligence estimated to be
between 40-80%
214
what are the challenges to heritbilty estimates (3)
- genes dont operate in isolation, environmental factors determine how genes express themselves and influence the persion
- genes that influence intelligence could do so indirectly
- there is no one gene, rather a collection of genes
215
identical twins have a correlation of _____when raised together, and ____ when raised apart
0.85, 0.80
216
what is the post hoc fallacy
The post hoc fallacy is the assumption that because one event preceded another event, they must be causally related.
i.e a black cat crossed my path, and then I got into a car accident. The black cat caused the car accident.
217
what are bidirectional influences
Human development is almost always a two-way street
* Children’s development influences their experiences, but
their experiences also influence their development
218
what is infant determinism
idea that early experiences are profoundly influential
219
what is childhood fragility
idea that children are more vulnerable to stress
220
what is a gene-environment interation
Impact of genes on behaviour depends on the environment where behaviour develops
221
what is nature via nurture
tendency of individuals with certain genetic
predispositions to seek out and create environments that permit the expression of those predispositions
222
what is gene expression
Activation or deactivation of genes by environmental experiences throughout development
223
what are motor behaviours
bodily motions that occur as
result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and
muscles
224
true or false: genes and environment influence puberty onset
true
225
what does Menarche mean
start of menstration
226
what does spermarche mean
first ejaculation
227
what is the age of peak physical develooment
20s
228
what are encapsulated under peak physical development (4)
- Strength,
- coordination,
- speed of cognitive processing,
- physical flexibility
229
when does fertility decline in AFAB people
30s-40s
230
according to piaget, Children use ____ to acquire new knowledge
within a stage
assimilation (Absorb knowledge into
current structures)
231
according to piaget, When one can no longer assimilate new information,
_____ occurs
accomodation
(process of altering a
belief to make it more
compatible with
experience)
232
mental representation is a major milestone in what stage of development
sensimotor
233
which stage of development Can perform mental operations, but only for actual
physical event
concrete operational
234
Frontal lobes don’t fully mature until ____
late adolescence or early adult hood
235
what is a personal fable
feeling unique and special
236
_____ starts at 8-9
months, peaks at 12-15 months
stranger anxiety
237
what is stranger anxiety
the distress and apprehension experienced by young children when they are around individuals who are unfamiliar to them
238
Differences in children’s social
and emotional styles reflect
differences in temperament. what is this?
basic emotional style that
appears early in
development and is
largely genetic in origin
239
what is contact comfort
positive emotions afforded by touch
240
what is mono-operation bias
Drawing conclusions based on a single measure
241
what is a psychosocial crisis
dilemma concerning an
individual’s relations to others
242
"supposed phase of adulthood characterized by
emotional distress about the aging process and an attempt to regain youth" this is called
midlife crisis
243
"alleged period of depression in mothers following the
departure of their grown children from the home" this is called
the empty nest myth
