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Psychology-1000 > Winter Exam 1 > Flashcards

Winter Exam 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Galton theorised that intelligence is a by-product of ___

A

sensory capacity

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2
Q

Who designed the first intelligence test in 1905?

A

Simone and Binet

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3
Q

what was the focus of simone and binets intelligence test?

A

mental processes such as reasoning, understanding and judgement

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4
Q

what is fluid intelligence

A

the ability to learn new ways to solve problems

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5
Q

what is crystalised intelligence

A

the knowledge you gain over time

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6
Q

true or false: aging declines both fluid and crytsalised intelligence

A

false, fluid declines and crystalised remains stable

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7
Q

what are Gardners multiple intelligences

A
  • linguistic
  • logico-mathematical
  • spatial
  • musical
  • bodily-kinesthetic
  • interpersonal
  • intrapersonal
  • natrualistic
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8
Q

what are the three types of intelligence according to Sternberg

A

analytical, creative, and practical

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9
Q

why are IQ tests less effective for adults than children

A

intelligence peaks early, but age keeps increasing

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10
Q

intelligence is related to understanding theoretical concepts which is also called:

A

abstract thinking

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11
Q

what is heritability estimates based on?

A

the sample size and their age

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12
Q

true or false: heretibility estimates are not concrete

A

true. not a fixed number for everyone

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13
Q

true or false: heretibility estimates increase between childhood and adulthood

A

true

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14
Q

What kind of head injury is obtained in the NHL

A

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

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15
Q

What is Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

A

a degenerative brain condition associated with memory loss, dementia, mood disorders, suicidality

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16
Q

True or false: there are differences between male and female on general intelligence

A

false

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17
Q

true or false: male intelligence is more varied

A

true

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18
Q

what are the female unique cognitive abilities

A

verbal, memory, and emotions

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19
Q

what is the male unique cognotive ability

A

visuospatial

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20
Q

what is a stereotype threat

A

a negative stereotype about a group that can undermine accurate testing

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21
Q

36% of variation in _____ score is due to the size of the cortex

A

verbal intelligence

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22
Q

what are behavioural genomics?

A

a technique that examines how specific genes interact with the environment to influence behaviours, including those related to intelligence

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23
Q

____ focuses on identifying genes that are related to increases or decreases in certain types of learning and problem solving

A

behavioural genomics

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24
Q

Researchers have developed mouse models of intelligence using _____

A

Gene Knock Out (K O)

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25
Q

what are gene knockout (KO) studies?

A

removing a specific gene and comparing
the characteristics of animals with and without that gene

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26
Q

why would scientists would take the skulls of the deceased, fill them with fine metal pellets, and then measure the volume?

A

they believed brain size caused intellignece

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27
Q

true or false, more convolutions lead to a higher intelligence score

A

true. they are associated

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28
Q

Differences in gyri have also been found in humans, with the degree of convolutions
accounting for roughly ____% of the variability in W A I S scores.

A

25%

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29
Q

what is the third variable problem?

A

other factors that impact scores, such as training

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30
Q

what conditions are brain size and IQ used to understand? (2)

A

alcoholism and anorexia

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31
Q

what are the 6 aspects that may impact intelligence scores?

A
  1. birth order
  2. socioeconomic status
  3. nutrition
  4. stress
  5. nootropic drugs
  6. education
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32
Q

true or false: birth order impacts intelligence. why or why not

A

true. related to the resources received growing up

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33
Q

what is the flynn effect?

A

appears as though everyone s getting smarter. steady population level
increases in intelligence test scores over time

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34
Q

translator and editor are the suggested occupations for whch intelligence type?

A

linguistc

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35
Q

what are the charactieristics of linguistic intellignece?

A

speak and write well

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36
Q

what are the suggested occupations for Logico-mathematical intellignece

A

sceintist and engineer

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37
Q

“Use logic and mathematical skills to solve
problems, such as scientific questions” describes which intelligence type

A

logico-mathematical

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38
Q

whats the characteristic of spatial intelligence?

A

Think and reason about objects in three-
dimensional space

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39
Q

archietect and artist are suggested occupations for which inteligence type

A

spatial

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40
Q

Musician and teacher are the suggested occupations for which intelligence tyoe

A

Musical

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41
Q

what are the characteristic of musical intelligence

A

Perform, understand, and enjoy music

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42
Q

“Manipulate the body in sports, dance, or
other physical endeavours” descrobes what intelligence type

A

Bodily-kinesthetic

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43
Q

what are the suggested occupations for Bodily-kinesthetic intellignece

A

Athlete, coach, physiotherapist

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44
Q

whats the difference between interpersonal and intrapersonal?

A

interpersonal = others, intrapersonal = yourself

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45
Q

“Understand and interact effectively with
others” describes which intelligence type

A

interpersonalw

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46
Q

what are the recoomended occupations for interpersonal intellignece

A

Salesperson, teacher, counsellor

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47
Q

what is the characterctic of intrapersonal intellignce

A

Understand and possess insight into self

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48
Q

philospher and prophet are recoomended occupatons for whioch inteligence type

A

intrapersonal

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49
Q

what is naturalitic intelligence

A

Recognize, identify, and understand animals,
plants, and other living things

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50
Q

what are the recommended occupations for naturalistic intelligence

A

Naturalist, biologist, veterinarian

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51
Q

true or false: gardner proved that multiple intellignecces are independant

A

false. there is no good evidenece about thiss

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52
Q

who came up with the triarchic model?

A

steinberg

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53
Q

what is analytical intelligenece

A

the ability to reason logically, or
“book smarts”,

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54
Q

what is practical intellignece

A

he ability to solve real-world
problems, or “street smarts”,

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55
Q

what type of intelligence plays a role in test performance (triarchic model)

A

analytical

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56
Q

what type of intelligence may affect job performance and social interaction (triarchic model)

A

practical

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57
Q

what is creative intelligence

A

the ability to come up with novel and effective answers

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58
Q

true or false, only practical intelligence impacts job performance

A

false. both practical and creative do

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59
Q

true of false: practical intelligence is not independent of g factor

A

true

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60
Q

true or false: brain volume correlates with measured intelligence

A

true. between 0.3 and 0.4

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61
Q

Evidence suggests that _____ (brain region) development is slower in gifted children

A

cerebral cortex

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62
Q

higher intelligence is associated with lower _____ on some tasks and lower ____

A
  1. brain activity
  2. reaction time
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63
Q

what are g loaded tasks

A

tasks where performance is correlated
with g score

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64
Q

true or false: processing speed does not impact intellignece

A

false

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65
Q

what 5 things was the WAIS generate scores for

A

-Overall IQ
– Verbal comprehension
– Perceptual reasoning
– Working memory
– Processing speed

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66
Q

true or false: iq scores better predict job performance than interviews

A

true

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67
Q

what is the Dweck and Growth Mindset theory

A

Those that think IQ is fixed tend to take less academic risks, challenging themselves less

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68
Q

how much has intelligence scores been raising every ten years under the flynn effect

A

3 points every 10 years

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69
Q

what is divergent thinking

A

Capacity to generate many different solutions to the
same problem

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70
Q

what is convergent thinking

A

Capacity to find the single best answer to a problem

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71
Q

what is developmental psych

A

the study of how behaviour changes over time. Early development influences later behaviours

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72
Q

whats a cross sectional study

A

different groups of people—typically of
different ages—are compared at a
single point in time

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73
Q

what is a longitudinal study

A

the same group of subjects is
tracked over multiple points in time

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74
Q

whats the difference between viewing development as stages or gradual growth

A

stages are abrupt trasnistions, and gradual growth is more fine-tuning

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75
Q

what stage occurs at 0-2 weeks

A

germinal

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76
Q

what are the major events in the germinal stage (2)

A
  • Migration of the blastocyst from the fallopian tubes and its implantation in the uterus.
  • Cellular divisions take place that eventually lead to multiple organ, nervous system, and skin tissues
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77
Q

what weeks are the embryonic stage

A

2-8 weeks

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78
Q

what are major events in the embryonic stage (3)

A
  • basic cell layers become differentiated
  • Major structures such as the head, heart,
    limbs, hands, and feet emerge.
  • The embryo attaches to the placenta
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79
Q

what is the placenta

A

the structure that allows for the
exchange of oxygen and nutrients and the removal of wastes

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80
Q

when is the fetal stage

A

8 weeks till birth

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81
Q

what are the major events in the fetal stage (3)

A

-Brain development progresses as distinct regions take form.
- The circulatory, respiratory, digestive,
and other bodily systems develop.
- Sex organs appear at around the third month of gestation.

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82
Q

when do sex organs appear

A

third month

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83
Q

The origins of the major regions of
the brain are already detectable at
____ weeks

A

4

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84
Q

what is a teratogen

A

an agent or factor which causes malformation of an embryo

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85
Q

alcohol and cigarettes are called:

A

teratogen

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86
Q

what is the prevalnece of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

A

1.5 in 1000 worldwide

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87
Q

true or false: stress is a teratogen

A

true, it can be

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88
Q

what is the survival rate for infants born preterm at 25 weeks

A

50% chance

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89
Q

what is the survival rate for infants born preterm at 30 weeks

A

95%

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90
Q

what is the rate of preterm births

A

9%

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91
Q

what is the sensory experience before birth

A

story recall

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92
Q

what is vision at birth

A

30 cm or less. becomes 20/20 by 12months

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93
Q

what is smell at birth

A

they cringe at foul odours and can discriminate mothers breastmilk

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94
Q

what is the visual cliff used for

A

testing depth perception development

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95
Q

what is the rooting reflex

A

elicited by stimulation to the corners of the mouth, which causes infants to orient
themselves toward the stimulation and make sucking motions

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96
Q

what is the rooting reflex for

A

helps the infant begin
feeding immediately after birth

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97
Q

what is the moro-reflex

A

also known as the “startle” reflex, occurs when infants lose support of their head.
Infants grimace and reach their arms outward and then inward in a hugging motion

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98
Q

what is the grasping reflex

A

elicited by stimulating the infant’s palm. The infant’s grasp is remarkably strong
and facilitates safely holding onto their caregive

99
Q

what is the stepping relfex

A

also known as the walking or dancing reflex, occurs when infants sense the onset
of pressure on the sole of a foot. In fact, if you support the infant upright and gently lower the foot to a
tabletop or surface, you will see the leg straighten.

100
Q

what are the 6 stages of motor development in the first year

A
  • raising head
  • rolling over
  • propping up
  • sitting up
  • crawling
  • walking
101
Q

during the first year, ___ grow in length, ____ increase in number and new connections are formed

A
  1. axons
  2. dendrites
102
Q

what are the 5 parts of the sensitive period

A
  • langauge fluency
  • perception
  • balance
  • parental recognition
  • idnityfn with a culture
103
Q

what are piagets 4 stages of development

A
  • sensorimotor
  • pre-operational
  • concrete operational
  • formal operational
104
Q

when is the sensorimotor stage and what is it

A

0-2 years old; direct sensory experiences and object permanence

105
Q

when is the pre-operational stage and what is it

A

2-7 years old; thinking beyond immediate appearence. conservation

106
Q

when is the concrete operational stage and what is it

A

7-11 years old; thinking becomes more logical and organised. able to put self in others shoes

107
Q

when is the formal operational stage and what is it

A

12 years and byeond; ability for abstract and hypothetical thinking. scientific reasoning possible

108
Q

what does egocentric mean

A

only from your point of view

109
Q

what is primative reasoning

A

asking lots of questions

110
Q

what is conservation

A

knowing amount stayes the same

111
Q

compassion and planning abilities develop in what piaget stage

A

formal operational

112
Q

what is the core knowledge hypothesis

A

the existence of fundamental cognitive systems/mechanisms upon which we develop and build new cognitive abilities

113
Q

Being able to understand how objects are related to one another is referred to as ______ or ____

A
  • transitivity
  • transitive inference
114
Q

what is the zone of proximal development

A

developmental ideal when a child attempts skills just beyond what they can do alone

phase of learning during
which children can benefit
from instruction

115
Q

what is scaffolding

A

the approach to teaching where the teacher matches guidance to learners needs

Parents structure
environments for learning
and then gradually remove
them as children improve

116
Q

what plays a central role in learning according to vgotsky

A

community and language

117
Q

what are the difference between piaget and vgotskys view of development

A

piaget seen it as stages, vgotsky as something gradual and independent of stages due to social interactions

118
Q

what are the 4 elementary mental functions

A

attention, sensation, perception, and memory

119
Q

true or false: learning can precede development

A

true

120
Q

what is attachment

A

an enduring, emotional bond

121
Q

what is the strange situation test

A

mother leaves the room and leaves baby with a stranger

122
Q

what does the strange situation test study

A

attachment styles

123
Q

what are the three insecure attachment styles

A
  • anxious-disoganised
  • anxious-ambivalent
  • anxious-avoidant
124
Q

true or false: stress impacts development

A

true. toxic stress

125
Q

true or false: people who are securely attached are more e=successful

A

true

126
Q

true or false: having an insecure attachment style does not impact social skills

A

false

127
Q

which insecure attachment style is it when a child hides their fellings at all times

A

anxious-avoidant

128
Q

which attatachment style grows up to be seen as unpredicable and moody with a less positev self image

A

anxious-ambivalent

129
Q

which attachment style grows up to have problems entering relatoinships

A

anxious-avoidant

130
Q

what causes anxious-disorganised

A

the feeling of fear without resolution

131
Q

which attatchment styles grows up to think they are unworthy of love

A

anxious-disorganised

132
Q

when is your attatchment style formed

A

the first years of your life

133
Q

what does toxic stress do

A

impairs brain development and weakens the immune system

134
Q

true or false: toxic stress can alter gene expression

A

true

135
Q

true or false: you can predict if someone will drop out based on their attachment style

A

true. at age 3 with 77% accuracy

136
Q

true or false: parental relationships impact health

A

true. 91% of those who had a broken relationship with their mother had health issues 33 years later, compared to 45% of those with a good relationship

137
Q

does attachment style determine how much someone knows themself?

A

yes

138
Q

what is the attachment behavioural system

A

meeting our own needs for security

139
Q

what is the caregiving behavioural system

A

focused on meeting the needs of others

140
Q

what is introjection

A

internalisation of the conditional regard of significant other

141
Q

what is inductive discipline

A

explaining the consequences of a childs actions on other people, activating empathy for others feelings

142
Q

According to Piaget, children are no longer
exclusively egocentric if _____

A

they understand that
the other person sees the object differently

143
Q

what is theory of mind

A

recognistion of thoughts, beliefs, and expectations of others

144
Q

how do you test theory of mind?

A

false belief task

145
Q

true or false: infants do not yet understand fairness

A

false

146
Q

what did harry harlows monkey experiment test?

A

the nature of affection

147
Q

what is cognitive reframing

A

technique that consists of identifying and then changing the way situations, experiences, events, ideas, and/or emotions are viewed

148
Q

is emotional regulation fully developed by adolescence?

A

no

149
Q

what is delayed gratification

A

act of resisting an impulse to take an immediately available reward in the hope of obtaining a more-valued reward in the future

150
Q

why is delayed gratification important to develop

A

essential to self-regulation, or self-control

151
Q

when does delayed gratification develop

A

adolescence

152
Q

true or false: the limbic system is fully developed in adolescence

A

true

153
Q

true or false: abstract thinking becomes possible during the concrete operational stage

A

false. formal operational stage

153
Q

what is the primary factor in adolescent risk taking

A

other teenagers

154
Q

what are kohlbergs three stages of moral reasoning

A

preconventional morality, conventional morality, post-conventional morality

155
Q

which stage of moral development is”Characterized by self-interest in
seeking reward or avoiding
punishment”

A

pre-conventional morality

156
Q

which stage of moral development is “very basic and egocentric “

A

pre-conventional

157
Q

which stage of moral development has parents as a key influence

A

conventional morality

158
Q

what is conventional morality characterised by

A

social conventions and rules
as guides for appropriate moral
behaviour

159
Q

which stage of moral development sees rules as something abstract

A

post-conventional

160
Q

what is the social institutionalist model an alternative to

A

rationalist model

161
Q

what is the social institutionalist model

A

a model that emphasises cultural and social influences, as opposed to private reasoning in decision making

162
Q

what are the three pieces to an identity crisis

A

curiousity, questioning, and exploration

163
Q

how many substages are there in kohlbergs moral development theory

A

6

164
Q

what is substage one of moral development, and which main stage

A

obedience and punishment; pre-conventional

165
Q

selfinterest is which substage of moral development

A

stage 2; pre-conventional

166
Q

what is substage 3 of moral development and which main stage is it

A

interpersonal accord and conformity; conventional

“what do others think of me?”

167
Q

what is substage 4 of moral development and which main stage is it

A

authority and maintaining social order; conventional

“how can i maintain law and order?”

168
Q

what substage of moral development is social contract and which main stage is it

A

stage 5; post-conventional

“does a rule truly serve all members of a community?”

169
Q

what is the 6th substage of moral development?

A

universal and ethical principals

170
Q

true or false: not everybody reaches the 6th substage of moral development

A

true

171
Q

what drives decisions in the two stages in pre-conventional morality

A

fear, and self interest

172
Q

what drives decisions in conventional morality

A

peer pressure and rules

173
Q

which substage of moral development knows that rules can be complicated

A

social contract

174
Q

which substage of moral development operates disconnencted from society and rules and solves everything with compassion

A

universal ethical principal

175
Q

what are judgements on moral dilemmas based on

A

reason and emotional + intuitive reactions

176
Q

what age is emerging adulthood?

A

18-24

177
Q

what are the three main areas of growth during emerging adulthood

A

relatedness, autonomy, and competence

178
Q

what is Socioemotional selectivity theory

A

younger people have better memory for positive, negative, and neutral images than older people. they remember positive and negative more, whereas older people remember positive ones more

179
Q

what is authoritarian?

A

strict rules such as no crying

180
Q

what is the result of authoriatarian parenting

A

emotional suppression and obedience is how to earn love. doesmt know what they want in adulthood and continues satisfying everyone else while being unfulfilled

181
Q

what is permissive parenting

A

full freedom

182
Q

what is the result of permissive parenting

A

doesnt learn how to cope with conflict or control emotions. grows up to act inconsiderate

183
Q

what is authoritative parents (different than authoritatian)

A

they have rules but listen to their child

184
Q

what is the result of authoritative parenting

A

learns that things are hard but they are supported, can better endure hardships and communicate

185
Q

what are neglectful parents

A

parents who are not present in life

186
Q

what is the result of neglectful parents

A

feeling alone, lack of trust in oneself. feeling like nothing matters because no one cares anyways, unable to form healthy relationships, tries not to feel anything as a result

187
Q

what are over-involved parents

A

helicopter parents. micromanage every aspect

188
Q

what is the result of over-involved parents

A

never learning how to overcome things, avoid challneges, procrastinate

189
Q

what is alzheimers disease characterised by

A
  • loss of both grey and white matter
  • large buildup of the protein beta-amyloid (which kills nerve cells)
  • tau proteins (maintain the structure of nerve cells) are defective resulting in neurofibrillary tangles
190
Q

what does beta-amyloid do

A

kills nerve cells

191
Q

what do tau proteins do

A

maintain nerve cell structure

192
Q

What are the 4 anthropometric measurements?

A

height, weight, head circumference, body mass index (BMI), body circumferences to assess for adiposity (waist, hip, and limbs), and skinfold thickness

193
Q

what is the mozart effect

A

the belief that mozart music makes you smarter because absorbing its beauty and complexity improved brain power

194
Q

although the mozart effect is not real, there are temporary effects that music has. what causes them?

A

cognitive arousal

195
Q

A year of piano lessons and consistent practice can improve IQ by:

A

up to 3 times

196
Q

what is meta-analysis

A

investigating similar topic and past data

197
Q

what makes up the full IQ score on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

A

general ability index, and cognitive proficiency index

198
Q

what is included in the general ability index

A

the verbal comprehension index and the perceptual reasoning index

199
Q

what is included in the cognitive proficiency index

A

the working memory index and the processing speed index

200
Q

how can you test the processing speed index

A

symbol search and coding

201
Q

arithmetic and digit span can help you test which index

A

working memory index

202
Q

which index can you test with matrix reasoning (hidden meaning)

A

pereceptual reasoning index

203
Q

what are the three ways to test the verbal comprehension index

A

vocabulary, similarities, and information

204
Q

what is entity theory

A

the belief that intelligence is a fixed trait, a personal quality that cannot be changed

205
Q

what is incremental theory

A

the belief that intelligence is a malleable quality that can increase through efforts

206
Q

why was the ravens progressive matrice invented

A

to account for language barrier

207
Q

what are thurstones seven primary mental abilites?

A
  • word fluency
  • verbal comprehension
  • numeric abilities
  • spatial visualistion
  • memory
  • perceptual speed
  • reasoning
208
Q

what is the hierarchal theory of intellignece

A

nesting - abilities nested within something. lots of aspects to it

209
Q

_____ intelligence is dynamic and changing

A

fluid

210
Q

____ intellignece is stuff like facts and other things you know

A

crystalised

211
Q

___ factor ____ intelligence is a blend of several different cognitive abilities

A

g, fluid

212
Q

video games help ______ intelligence

A

visuospatial intelligence

213
Q

what is the heritability of intelligence estimated to be

A

between 40-80%

214
Q

what are the challenges to heritbilty estimates (3)

A
  • genes dont operate in isolation, environmental factors determine how genes express themselves and influence the persion
  • genes that influence intelligence could do so indirectly
  • there is no one gene, rather a collection of genes
215
Q

identical twins have a correlation of _____when raised together, and ____ when raised apart

A

0.85, 0.80

216
Q

what is the post hoc fallacy

A

The post hoc fallacy is the assumption that because one event preceded another event, they must be causally related.

i.e a black cat crossed my path, and then I got into a car accident. The black cat caused the car accident.

217
Q

what are bidirectional influences

A

Human development is almost always a two-way street
* Children’s development influences their experiences, but
their experiences also influence their development

218
Q

what is infant determinism

A

idea that early experiences are profoundly influential

219
Q

what is childhood fragility

A

idea that children are more vulnerable to stress

220
Q

what is a gene-environment interation

A

Impact of genes on behaviour depends on the environment where behaviour develops

221
Q

what is nature via nurture

A

tendency of individuals with certain genetic
predispositions to seek out and create environments that permit the expression of those predispositions

222
Q

what is gene expression

A

Activation or deactivation of genes by environmental experiences throughout development

223
Q

what are motor behaviours

A

bodily motions that occur as
result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and
muscles

224
Q

true or false: genes and environment influence puberty onset

A

true

225
Q

what does Menarche mean

A

start of menstration

226
Q

what does spermarche mean

A

first ejaculation

227
Q

what is the age of peak physical develooment

A

20s

228
Q

what are encapsulated under peak physical development (4)

A
  • Strength,
  • coordination,
  • speed of cognitive processing,
  • physical flexibility
229
Q

when does fertility decline in AFAB people

A

30s-40s

230
Q

according to piaget, Children use ____ to acquire new knowledge
within a stage

A

assimilation (Absorb knowledge into
current structures)

231
Q

according to piaget, When one can no longer assimilate new information,
_____ occurs

A

accomodation

(process of altering a
belief to make it more
compatible with
experience)

232
Q

mental representation is a major milestone in what stage of development

A

sensimotor

233
Q

which stage of development Can perform mental operations, but only for actual
physical event

A

concrete operational

234
Q

Frontal lobes don’t fully mature until ____

A

late adolescence or early adult hood

235
Q

what is a personal fable

A

feeling unique and special

236
Q

_____ starts at 8-9
months, peaks at 12-15 months

A

stranger anxiety

237
Q

what is stranger anxiety

A

the distress and apprehension experienced by young children when they are around individuals who are unfamiliar to them

238
Q

Differences in children’s social
and emotional styles reflect
differences in temperament. what is this?

A

basic emotional style that
appears early in
development and is
largely genetic in origin

239
Q

what is contact comfort

A

positive emotions afforded by touch

240
Q

what is mono-operation bias

A

Drawing conclusions based on a single measure

241
Q

what is a psychosocial crisis

A

dilemma concerning an
individual’s relations to others

242
Q

“supposed phase of adulthood characterized by
emotional distress about the aging process and an attempt to regain youth” this is called

A

midlife crisis

243
Q

“alleged period of depression in mothers following the
departure of their grown children from the home” this is called

A

the empty nest myth

Psychology-1000 (7 decks)

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