vik version Flashcards
woof
Galton theorised that intelligence is a by-product of ___
sensory capacity
Who designed the first intelligence test in 1905?
Simone and Binet
what was the focus of simone and binets intelligence test?
mental processes such as reasoning, understanding and judgement
what is fluid intelligence
the ability to learn new ways to solve problems
what is crystalised intelligence
the knowledge you gain over time
true or false: aging declines both fluid and crytsalised intelligence
false, fluid declines and crystalised remains stable
what are Gardners multiple intelligences
- linguistic- logico-mathematical- spatial- musical- bodily-kinesthetic- interpersonal- intrapersonal- natrualistic
what are the three types of intelligence according to Sternberg
analytical, creative, and practical
why are IQ tests less effective for adults than children
intelligence peaks early, but age keeps increasing
intelligence is related to understanding theoretical concepts which is also called:
abstract thinking
what is heritability estimates based on?
the sample size and their age
true or false: heretibility estimates are not concrete
true. not a fixed number for everyone
true or false: heretibility estimates increase between childhood and adulthood
true
What kind of head injury is obtained in the NHL
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
What is Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
a degenerative brain condition associated with memory loss, dementia, mood disorders, suicidality
True or false: there are differences between male and female on general intelligence
false
true or false: male intelligence is more varied
true
what are the female unique cognitive abilities
verbal, memory, and emotions
what is the male unique cognotive ability
visuospatial
what is a stereotype threat
a negative stereotype about a group that can undermine accurate testing
36% of variation in _____ score is due to the size of the cortex
verbal intelligence
what are behavioural genomics?
a technique that examines how specific genes interact with the environment to influence behaviours, including those related to intelligence
____ focuses on identifying genes that are related to increases or decreases in certain types of learning and problem solving
behavioural genomics
what are gene knockout (KO) studies?
removing a specific gene and comparingthe characteristics of animals with and without that gene
why would scientists would take the skulls of the deceased, fill them with fine metal pellets, and then measure the volume?
they believed brain size caused intellignece
true or false, more convolutions lead to a higher intelligence score
true. they are associated
Differences in gyri have also been found in humans, with the degree of convolutionsaccounting for roughly ____% of the variability in W A I S scores.
25%
what is the third variable problem?
other factors that impact scores, such as training
what conditions are brain size and IQ used to understand? (2)
alcoholism and anorexia
what are the 6 aspects that may impact intelligence scores?
- birth order2. socioeconomic status3. nutrition4. stress5. nootropic drugs6. education
true or false: birth order impacts intelligence. why or why not
true. related to the resources received growing up
what is the flynn effect?
appears as though everyone s getting smarter. steady population levelincreases in intelligence test scores over time
what are the charactieristics of linguistic intellignece?
speak and write well
“Use logic and mathematical skills to solveproblems, such as scientific questions” describes which intelligence type
logico-mathematical
whats the characteristic of spatial intelligence?
Think and reason about objects in three-dimensional space
what are the characteristic of musical intelligence
Perform, understand, and enjoy music
“Manipulate the body in sports, dance, orother physical endeavours” descrobes what intelligence type
Bodily-kinesthetic
whats the difference between interpersonal and intrapersonal?
interpersonal = others, intrapersonal = yourself
“Understand and interact effectively withothers” describes which intelligence type
interpersonalw
what is the characterctic of intrapersonal intellignce
Understand and possess insight into self
what is naturalitic intelligence
Recognize, identify, and understand animals,plants, and other living things
true or false: gardner proved that multiple intellignecces are independant
false. there is no good evidenece about thiss
true of false: practical intelligence is not independent of g factor
true
true or false: brain volume correlates with measured intelligence
true. between 0.3 and 0.4
higher intelligence is associated with lower _____ on some tasks and lower ____
- brain activity2. reaction time
what are g loaded tasks
tasks where performance is correlatedwith g score
true or false: processing speed does not impact intellignece
false
what 5 things was the WAIS generate scores for
-Overall IQ– Verbal comprehension– Perceptual reasoning– Working memory– Processing speed
true or false: iq scores better predict job performance than interviews
true
what is the Dweck and Growth Mindset theory
Those that think IQ is fixed tend to take less academic risks, challenging themselves less
how much has intelligence scores been raising every ten years under the flynn effect
3 points every 10 years
what is divergent thinking
Capacity to generate many different solutions to thesame problem
what is convergent thinking
Capacity to find the single best answer to a problem
what is developmental psych
the study of how behaviour changes over time. Early development influences later behaviours
whats a cross sectional study
different groups of people—typically ofdifferent ages—are compared at asingle point in time
what is a longitudinal study
the same group of subjects istracked over multiple points in time
whats the difference between viewing development as stages or gradual growth
stages are abrupt trasnistions, and gradual growth is more fine-tuning
what stage occurs at 0-2 weeks
germinal
what are the major events in the germinal stage (2)
- Migration of the blastocyst from the fallopian tubes and its implantation in the uterus. - Cellular divisions take place that eventually lead to multiple organ, nervous system, and skin tissues
what weeks are the embryonic stage
2-8 weeks
what are major events in the embryonic stage (3)
- basic cell layers become differentiated- Major structures such as the head, heart,limbs, hands, and feet emerge. - The embryo attaches to the placenta
what is the placenta
the structure that allows for theexchange of oxygen and nutrients and the removal of wastes
when is the fetal stage
8 weeks till birth
what are the major events in the fetal stage (3)
-Brain development progresses as distinct regions take form.- The circulatory, respiratory, digestive,and other bodily systems develop.- Sex organs appear at around the third month of gestation.
when do sex organs appear
third month
The origins of the major regions ofthe brain are already detectable at____ weeks
4
what is a teratogen
an agent or factor which causes malformation of an embryo
alcohol and cigarettes are called:
teratogen
what is the prevalnece of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
1.5 in 1000 worldwide
true or false: stress is a teratogen
true, it can be
what is the survival rate for infants born preterm at 25 weeks
50% chance
what is the survival rate for infants born preterm at 30 weeks
95%
what is the sensory experience before birth
story recall
what is vision at birth
30 cm or less. becomes 20/20 by 12months
what is smell at birth
they cringe at foul odours and can discriminate mothers breastmilk
what is the visual cliff used for
testing depth perception development
what is the rooting reflex
elicited by stimulation to the corners of the mouth, which causes infants to orientthemselves toward the stimulation and make sucking motions
what is the rooting reflex for
helps the infant beginfeeding immediately after birth
what is the moro-reflex
also known as the “startle” reflex, occurs when infants lose support of their head.Infants grimace and reach their arms outward and then inward in a hugging motion
what is the grasping reflex
elicited by stimulating the infant’s palm. The infant’s grasp is remarkably strongand facilitates safely holding onto their caregive
what is the stepping relfex
also known as the walking or dancing reflex, occurs when infants sense the onsetof pressure on the sole of a foot. In fact, if you support the infant upright and gently lower the foot to atabletop or surface, you will see the leg straighten.
what are the 6 stages of motor development in the first year
- raising head- rolling over- propping up- sitting up- crawling- walking
during the first year, ___ grow in length, ____ increase in number and new connections are formed
- axons2. dendrites
what are the 5 parts of the sensitive period
- langauge fluency- perception- balance- parental recognition- idnityfn with a culture
what are piagets 4 stages of development
- sensorimotor- pre-operational- concrete operational- formal operational
when is the sensorimotor stage and what is it
0-2 years old; direct sensory experiences and object permanence
when is the pre-operational stage and what is it
2-7 years old; thinking beyond immediate appearence. conservation
when is the concrete operational stage and what is it
7-11 years old; thinking becomes more logical and organised. able to put self in others shoes
when is the formal operational stage and what is it
12 years and byeond; ability for abstract and hypothetical thinking. scientific reasoning possible
what does egocentric mean
only from your point of view
what is conservation
knowing amount stayes the same
compassion and planning abilities develop in what piaget stage
formal operational
what is the core knowledge hypothesis
the existence of fundamental cognitive systems/mechanisms upon which we develop and build new cognitive abilities
what is the zone of proximal development
developmental ideal when a child attempts skills just beyond what they can do alone. phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction
what is scaffolding
the approach to teaching where the teacher matches guidance to learners needsParents structureenvironments for learningand then gradually removethem as children improve
what plays a central role in learning according to vgotsky
community and language
what are the difference between piaget and vgotskys view of development
piaget seen it as stages, vgotsky as something gradual and independent of stages due to social interactions
what are the 4 elementary mental functions
attention, sensation, perception, and memory
true or false: learning can precede development
true
what is attachment
an enduring, emotional bond
what is the strange situation test
mother leaves the room and leaves baby with a stranger
what does the strange situation test study
attachment styles
what are the three insecure attachment styles
- anxious-disoganised- anxious-ambivalent- anxious-avoidant
true or false: stress impacts development
true. toxic stress
true or false: people who are securely attached are more e=successful
true
true or false: having an insecure attachment style does not impact social skills
false
which insecure attachment style is it when a child hides their fellings at all times
anxious-avoidant
which attatachment style grows up to be seen as unpredicable and moody with a less positev self image
anxious-ambivalent
which attachment style grows up to have problems entering relatoinships
anxious-avoidant
what causes anxious-disorganised
the feeling of fear without resolution
which attatchment styles grows up to think they are unworthy of love
anxious-disorganised
when is your attatchment style formed
the first years of your life
what does toxic stress do
impairs brain development and weakens the immune system
true or false: toxic stress can alter gene expression
true
true or false: you can predict if someone will drop out based on their attachment style
true. at age 3 with 77% accuracy
true or false: parental relationships impact health
true. 91% of those who had a broken relationship with their mother had health issues 33 years later, compared to 45% of those with a good relationship
does attachment style determine how much someone knows themself?
yes
what is the attachment behavioural system
meeting our own needs for security
what is the caregiving behavioural system
focused on meeting the needs of others
According to Piaget, children are no longerexclusively egocentric if _____
they understand thatthe other person sees the object differently
what is theory of mind
recognistion of thoughts, beliefs, and expectations of others
how do you test theory of mind?
false belief task
true or false: infants do not yet understand fairness
false
what did harry harlows monkey experiment test?
the nature of affection
what is cognitive reframing
technique that consists of identifying and then changing the way situations, experiences, events, ideas, and/or emotions are viewed
is emotional regulation fully developed by adolescence?
no
true or false: the limbic system is fully developed in adolescence
true
true or false: abstract thinking becomes possible during the concrete operational stage
false. formal operational stage
what is the primary factor in adolescent risk taking
other teenagers
what are kohlbergs three stages of moral reasoning
preconventional morality, conventional morality, post-conventional morality
which stage of moral development is”Characterized by self-interest inseeking reward or avoidingpunishment”
pre-conventional morality
which stage of moral development is “very basic and egocentric “
pre-conventional
which stage of moral development has parents as a key influence
conventional morality
what is conventional morality characterised by
social conventions and rulesas guides for appropriate moralbehaviour
which stage of moral development sees rules as something abstract
post-conventional
what is the social institutionalist model
a model that emphasises cultural and social influences, as opposed to private reasoning in decision making
how many substages are there in kohlbergs moral development theory
6
what is substage one of moral development, and which main stage
obedience and punishment; pre-conventional
selfinterest is which substage of moral development
stage 2; pre-conventional
what is substage 3 of moral development and which main stage is it
interpersonal accord and conformity; conventional”what do others think of me?”
what is substage 4 of moral development and which main stage is it
authority and maintaining social order; conventional”how can i maintain law and order?”
what substage of moral development is social contract and which main stage is it
stage 5; post-conventional”does a rule truly serve all members of a community?”
what is the 6th substage of moral development?
universal and ethical principals
true or false: not everybody reaches the 6th substage of moral development
true
what drives decisions in the two stages in pre-conventional morality
fear, and self interest
what drives decisions in conventional morality
peer pressure and rules
which substage of moral development knows that rules can be complicated
social contract
which substage of moral development operates disconnencted from society and rules and solves everything with compassion
universal ethical principal
what are judgements on moral dilemmas based on
reason and emotional + intuitive reactions
what age is emerging adulthood?
18-24
what is Socioemotional selectivity theory
younger people have better memory for positive, negative, and neutral images than older people. they remember positive and negative more, whereas older people remember positive ones more
what is authoritarian?
strict rules such as no crying
what is the result of authoriatarian parenting
emotional suppression and obedience is how to earn love. doesmt know what they want in adulthood and continues satisfying everyone else while being unfulfilled
what is permissive parenting
full freedom
what is the result of permissive parenting
doesnt learn how to cope with conflict or control emotions. grows up to act inconsiderate
what is authoritative parents (different than authoritatian)
they have rules but listen to their child
what is the result of authoritative parenting
learns that things are hard but they are supported, can better endure hardships and communicate
what are neglectful parents
parents who are not present in life
what is the result of neglectful parents
feeling alone, lack of trust in oneself. feeling like nothing matters because no one cares anyways, unable to form healthy relationships, tries not to feel anything as a result
what are over-involved parents
helicopter parents. micromanage every aspect
what is the result of over-involved parents
never learning how to overcome things, avoid challneges, procrastinate
what is alzheimers disease characterised by
- loss of both grey and white matter- large buildup of the protein beta-amyloid (which kills nerve cells)- tau proteins (maintain the structure of nerve cells) are defective resulting in neurofibrillary tangles
what does beta-amyloid do
kills nerve cells
what do tau proteins do
maintain nerve cell structure
what is the mozart effect
the belief that mozart music makes you smarter because absorbing its beauty and complexity improved brain power
although the mozart effect is not real, there are temporary effects that music has. what causes them?
cognitive arousal
A year of piano lessons and consistent practice can improve IQ by:
up to 3 times
what makes up the full IQ score on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
general ability index, and cognitive proficiency index
what is included in the general ability index
the verbal comprehension index and the perceptual reasoning index
what is included in the cognitive proficiency index
the working memory index and the processing speed index
how can you test the processing speed index
symbol search and coding
arithmetic and digit span can help you test which index
working memory index
which index can you test with matrix reasoning (hidden meaning)
pereceptual reasoning index
what are the three ways to test the verbal comprehension index
vocabulary, similarities, and information
what is entity theory
the belief that intelligence is a fixed trait, a personal quality that cannot be changed
what is incremental theory
the belief that intelligence is a malleable quality that can increase through efforts
why was the ravens progressive matrice invented
to account for language barrier
what are thurstones seven primary mental abilites?
- word fluency- verbal comprehension- numeric abilities- spatial visualistion- memory- perceptual speed- reasoning
_____ intelligence is dynamic and changing
fluid
____ intellignece is stuff like facts and other things you know
crystalised
___ factor ____ intelligence is a blend of several different cognitive abilities
g, fluid
video games help ______ intelligence
visuospatial intelligence
what is the heritability of intelligence estimated to be
between 40-80%
what are the challenges to heritbilty estimates (3)
- genes dont operate in isolation, environmental factors determine how genes express themselves and influence the persion- genes that influence intelligence could do so indirectly- there is no one gene, rather a collection of genes
identical twins have a correlation of _____when raised together, and ____ when raised apart
0.85, 0.80
true or false: genes and environment influence puberty onset
true
what is the age of peak physical develooment
20s
when does fertility decline in AFAB people
30s-40s
mental representation is a major milestone in what stage of development
sensimotor
which stage of development Can perform mental operations, but only for actualphysical event
concrete operational
Frontal lobes don’t fully mature until ____
late adolescence or early adult hood
“alleged period of depression in mothers following thedeparture of their grown children from the home” this is called
the empty nest myth
