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vik version Flashcards

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1
Q

Galton theorised that intelligence is a by-product of ___

A

sensory capacity

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2
Q

Who designed the first intelligence test in 1905?

A

Simone and Binet

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3
Q

what was the focus of simone and binets intelligence test?

A

mental processes such as reasoning, understanding and judgement

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4
Q

what is fluid intelligence

A

the ability to learn new ways to solve problems

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5
Q

what is crystalised intelligence

A

the knowledge you gain over time

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6
Q

true or false: aging declines both fluid and crytsalised intelligence

A

false, fluid declines and crystalised remains stable

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7
Q

what are Gardners multiple intelligences

A
  • linguistic- logico-mathematical- spatial- musical- bodily-kinesthetic- interpersonal- intrapersonal- natrualistic
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8
Q

what are the three types of intelligence according to Sternberg

A

analytical, creative, and practical

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9
Q

why are IQ tests less effective for adults than children

A

intelligence peaks early, but age keeps increasing

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10
Q

intelligence is related to understanding theoretical concepts which is also called:

A

abstract thinking

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11
Q

what is heritability estimates based on?

A

the sample size and their age

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12
Q

true or false: heretibility estimates are not concrete

A

true. not a fixed number for everyone

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13
Q

true or false: heretibility estimates increase between childhood and adulthood

A

true

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14
Q

What kind of head injury is obtained in the NHL

A

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

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15
Q

What is Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

A

a degenerative brain condition associated with memory loss, dementia, mood disorders, suicidality

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16
Q

True or false: there are differences between male and female on general intelligence

A

false

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17
Q

true or false: male intelligence is more varied

A

true

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18
Q

what are the female unique cognitive abilities

A

verbal, memory, and emotions

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19
Q

what is the male unique cognotive ability

A

visuospatial

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20
Q

what is a stereotype threat

A

a negative stereotype about a group that can undermine accurate testing

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21
Q

36% of variation in _____ score is due to the size of the cortex

A

verbal intelligence

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22
Q

what are behavioural genomics?

A

a technique that examines how specific genes interact with the environment to influence behaviours, including those related to intelligence

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23
Q

____ focuses on identifying genes that are related to increases or decreases in certain types of learning and problem solving

A

behavioural genomics

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24
Q

what are gene knockout (KO) studies?

A

removing a specific gene and comparingthe characteristics of animals with and without that gene

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25
Q

why would scientists would take the skulls of the deceased, fill them with fine metal pellets, and then measure the volume?

A

they believed brain size caused intellignece

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26
Q

true or false, more convolutions lead to a higher intelligence score

A

true. they are associated

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27
Q

Differences in gyri have also been found in humans, with the degree of convolutionsaccounting for roughly ____% of the variability in W A I S scores.

A

25%

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28
Q

what is the third variable problem?

A

other factors that impact scores, such as training

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29
Q

what conditions are brain size and IQ used to understand? (2)

A

alcoholism and anorexia

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30
Q

what are the 6 aspects that may impact intelligence scores?

A
  1. birth order2. socioeconomic status3. nutrition4. stress5. nootropic drugs6. education
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31
Q

true or false: birth order impacts intelligence. why or why not

A

true. related to the resources received growing up

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32
Q

what is the flynn effect?

A

appears as though everyone s getting smarter. steady population levelincreases in intelligence test scores over time

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33
Q

what are the charactieristics of linguistic intellignece?

A

speak and write well

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34
Q

“Use logic and mathematical skills to solveproblems, such as scientific questions” describes which intelligence type

A

logico-mathematical

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35
Q

whats the characteristic of spatial intelligence?

A

Think and reason about objects in three-dimensional space

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36
Q

what are the characteristic of musical intelligence

A

Perform, understand, and enjoy music

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37
Q

“Manipulate the body in sports, dance, orother physical endeavours” descrobes what intelligence type

A

Bodily-kinesthetic

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38
Q

whats the difference between interpersonal and intrapersonal?

A

interpersonal = others, intrapersonal = yourself

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39
Q

“Understand and interact effectively withothers” describes which intelligence type

A

interpersonalw

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40
Q

what is the characterctic of intrapersonal intellignce

A

Understand and possess insight into self

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41
Q

what is naturalitic intelligence

A

Recognize, identify, and understand animals,plants, and other living things

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42
Q

true or false: gardner proved that multiple intellignecces are independant

A

false. there is no good evidenece about thiss

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43
Q

true of false: practical intelligence is not independent of g factor

A

true

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44
Q

true or false: brain volume correlates with measured intelligence

A

true. between 0.3 and 0.4

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45
Q

higher intelligence is associated with lower _____ on some tasks and lower ____

A
  1. brain activity2. reaction time
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46
Q

what are g loaded tasks

A

tasks where performance is correlatedwith g score

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47
Q

true or false: processing speed does not impact intellignece

A

false

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48
Q

what 5 things was the WAIS generate scores for

A

-Overall IQ– Verbal comprehension– Perceptual reasoning– Working memory– Processing speed

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49
Q

true or false: iq scores better predict job performance than interviews

A

true

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50
Q

what is the Dweck and Growth Mindset theory

A

Those that think IQ is fixed tend to take less academic risks, challenging themselves less

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51
Q

how much has intelligence scores been raising every ten years under the flynn effect

A

3 points every 10 years

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52
Q

what is divergent thinking

A

Capacity to generate many different solutions to thesame problem

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53
Q

what is convergent thinking

A

Capacity to find the single best answer to a problem

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54
Q

what is developmental psych

A

the study of how behaviour changes over time. Early development influences later behaviours

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55
Q

whats a cross sectional study

A

different groups of people—typically ofdifferent ages—are compared at asingle point in time

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56
Q

what is a longitudinal study

A

the same group of subjects istracked over multiple points in time

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57
Q

whats the difference between viewing development as stages or gradual growth

A

stages are abrupt trasnistions, and gradual growth is more fine-tuning

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58
Q

what stage occurs at 0-2 weeks

A

germinal

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59
Q

what are the major events in the germinal stage (2)

A
  • Migration of the blastocyst from the fallopian tubes and its implantation in the uterus. - Cellular divisions take place that eventually lead to multiple organ, nervous system, and skin tissues
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60
Q

what weeks are the embryonic stage

A

2-8 weeks

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61
Q

what are major events in the embryonic stage (3)

A
  • basic cell layers become differentiated- Major structures such as the head, heart,limbs, hands, and feet emerge. - The embryo attaches to the placenta
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62
Q

what is the placenta

A

the structure that allows for theexchange of oxygen and nutrients and the removal of wastes

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63
Q

when is the fetal stage

A

8 weeks till birth

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64
Q

what are the major events in the fetal stage (3)

A

-Brain development progresses as distinct regions take form.- The circulatory, respiratory, digestive,and other bodily systems develop.- Sex organs appear at around the third month of gestation.

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65
Q

when do sex organs appear

A

third month

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66
Q

The origins of the major regions ofthe brain are already detectable at____ weeks

A

4

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67
Q

what is a teratogen

A

an agent or factor which causes malformation of an embryo

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68
Q

alcohol and cigarettes are called:

A

teratogen

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69
Q

what is the prevalnece of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

A

1.5 in 1000 worldwide

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70
Q

true or false: stress is a teratogen

A

true, it can be

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71
Q

what is the survival rate for infants born preterm at 25 weeks

A

50% chance

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72
Q

what is the survival rate for infants born preterm at 30 weeks

A

95%

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73
Q

what is the sensory experience before birth

A

story recall

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74
Q

what is vision at birth

A

30 cm or less. becomes 20/20 by 12months

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75
Q

what is smell at birth

A

they cringe at foul odours and can discriminate mothers breastmilk

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76
Q

what is the visual cliff used for

A

testing depth perception development

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77
Q

what is the rooting reflex

A

elicited by stimulation to the corners of the mouth, which causes infants to orientthemselves toward the stimulation and make sucking motions

78
Q

what is the rooting reflex for

A

helps the infant beginfeeding immediately after birth

79
Q

what is the moro-reflex

A

also known as the “startle” reflex, occurs when infants lose support of their head.Infants grimace and reach their arms outward and then inward in a hugging motion

80
Q

what is the grasping reflex

A

elicited by stimulating the infant’s palm. The infant’s grasp is remarkably strongand facilitates safely holding onto their caregive

81
Q

what is the stepping relfex

A

also known as the walking or dancing reflex, occurs when infants sense the onsetof pressure on the sole of a foot. In fact, if you support the infant upright and gently lower the foot to atabletop or surface, you will see the leg straighten.

82
Q

what are the 6 stages of motor development in the first year

A
  • raising head- rolling over- propping up- sitting up- crawling- walking
83
Q

during the first year, ___ grow in length, ____ increase in number and new connections are formed

A
  1. axons2. dendrites
84
Q

what are the 5 parts of the sensitive period

A
  • langauge fluency- perception- balance- parental recognition- idnityfn with a culture
85
Q

what are piagets 4 stages of development

A
  • sensorimotor- pre-operational- concrete operational- formal operational
86
Q

when is the sensorimotor stage and what is it

A

0-2 years old; direct sensory experiences and object permanence

87
Q

when is the pre-operational stage and what is it

A

2-7 years old; thinking beyond immediate appearence. conservation

88
Q

when is the concrete operational stage and what is it

A

7-11 years old; thinking becomes more logical and organised. able to put self in others shoes

89
Q

when is the formal operational stage and what is it

A

12 years and byeond; ability for abstract and hypothetical thinking. scientific reasoning possible

90
Q

what does egocentric mean

A

only from your point of view

91
Q

what is conservation

A

knowing amount stayes the same

92
Q

compassion and planning abilities develop in what piaget stage

A

formal operational

93
Q

what is the core knowledge hypothesis

A

the existence of fundamental cognitive systems/mechanisms upon which we develop and build new cognitive abilities

94
Q

what is the zone of proximal development

A

developmental ideal when a child attempts skills just beyond what they can do alone. phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction

95
Q

what is scaffolding

A

the approach to teaching where the teacher matches guidance to learners needsParents structureenvironments for learningand then gradually removethem as children improve

96
Q

what plays a central role in learning according to vgotsky

A

community and language

97
Q

what are the difference between piaget and vgotskys view of development

A

piaget seen it as stages, vgotsky as something gradual and independent of stages due to social interactions

98
Q

what are the 4 elementary mental functions

A

attention, sensation, perception, and memory

99
Q

true or false: learning can precede development

A

true

100
Q

what is attachment

A

an enduring, emotional bond

101
Q

what is the strange situation test

A

mother leaves the room and leaves baby with a stranger

102
Q

what does the strange situation test study

A

attachment styles

103
Q

what are the three insecure attachment styles

A
  • anxious-disoganised- anxious-ambivalent- anxious-avoidant
104
Q

true or false: stress impacts development

A

true. toxic stress

105
Q

true or false: people who are securely attached are more e=successful

A

true

106
Q

true or false: having an insecure attachment style does not impact social skills

A

false

107
Q

which insecure attachment style is it when a child hides their fellings at all times

A

anxious-avoidant

108
Q

which attatachment style grows up to be seen as unpredicable and moody with a less positev self image

A

anxious-ambivalent

109
Q

which attachment style grows up to have problems entering relatoinships

A

anxious-avoidant

110
Q

what causes anxious-disorganised

A

the feeling of fear without resolution

111
Q

which attatchment styles grows up to think they are unworthy of love

A

anxious-disorganised

112
Q

when is your attatchment style formed

A

the first years of your life

113
Q

what does toxic stress do

A

impairs brain development and weakens the immune system

114
Q

true or false: toxic stress can alter gene expression

A

true

115
Q

true or false: you can predict if someone will drop out based on their attachment style

A

true. at age 3 with 77% accuracy

116
Q

true or false: parental relationships impact health

A

true. 91% of those who had a broken relationship with their mother had health issues 33 years later, compared to 45% of those with a good relationship

117
Q

does attachment style determine how much someone knows themself?

A

yes

118
Q

what is the attachment behavioural system

A

meeting our own needs for security

119
Q

what is the caregiving behavioural system

A

focused on meeting the needs of others

120
Q

According to Piaget, children are no longerexclusively egocentric if _____

A

they understand thatthe other person sees the object differently

121
Q

what is theory of mind

A

recognistion of thoughts, beliefs, and expectations of others

122
Q

how do you test theory of mind?

A

false belief task

123
Q

true or false: infants do not yet understand fairness

A

false

124
Q

what did harry harlows monkey experiment test?

A

the nature of affection

125
Q

what is cognitive reframing

A

technique that consists of identifying and then changing the way situations, experiences, events, ideas, and/or emotions are viewed

126
Q

is emotional regulation fully developed by adolescence?

A

no

127
Q

true or false: the limbic system is fully developed in adolescence

A

true

128
Q

true or false: abstract thinking becomes possible during the concrete operational stage

A

false. formal operational stage

129
Q

what is the primary factor in adolescent risk taking

A

other teenagers

130
Q

what are kohlbergs three stages of moral reasoning

A

preconventional morality, conventional morality, post-conventional morality

131
Q

which stage of moral development is”Characterized by self-interest inseeking reward or avoidingpunishment”

A

pre-conventional morality

132
Q

which stage of moral development is “very basic and egocentric “

A

pre-conventional

133
Q

which stage of moral development has parents as a key influence

A

conventional morality

134
Q

what is conventional morality characterised by

A

social conventions and rulesas guides for appropriate moralbehaviour

135
Q

which stage of moral development sees rules as something abstract

A

post-conventional

136
Q

what is the social institutionalist model

A

a model that emphasises cultural and social influences, as opposed to private reasoning in decision making

137
Q

how many substages are there in kohlbergs moral development theory

A

6

138
Q

what is substage one of moral development, and which main stage

A

obedience and punishment; pre-conventional

139
Q

selfinterest is which substage of moral development

A

stage 2; pre-conventional

140
Q

what is substage 3 of moral development and which main stage is it

A

interpersonal accord and conformity; conventional”what do others think of me?”

141
Q

what is substage 4 of moral development and which main stage is it

A

authority and maintaining social order; conventional”how can i maintain law and order?”

142
Q

what substage of moral development is social contract and which main stage is it

A

stage 5; post-conventional”does a rule truly serve all members of a community?”

143
Q

what is the 6th substage of moral development?

A

universal and ethical principals

144
Q

true or false: not everybody reaches the 6th substage of moral development

A

true

145
Q

what drives decisions in the two stages in pre-conventional morality

A

fear, and self interest

146
Q

what drives decisions in conventional morality

A

peer pressure and rules

147
Q

which substage of moral development knows that rules can be complicated

A

social contract

148
Q

which substage of moral development operates disconnencted from society and rules and solves everything with compassion

A

universal ethical principal

149
Q

what are judgements on moral dilemmas based on

A

reason and emotional + intuitive reactions

150
Q

what age is emerging adulthood?

A

18-24

151
Q

what is Socioemotional selectivity theory

A

younger people have better memory for positive, negative, and neutral images than older people. they remember positive and negative more, whereas older people remember positive ones more

152
Q

what is authoritarian?

A

strict rules such as no crying

153
Q

what is the result of authoriatarian parenting

A

emotional suppression and obedience is how to earn love. doesmt know what they want in adulthood and continues satisfying everyone else while being unfulfilled

154
Q

what is permissive parenting

A

full freedom

155
Q

what is the result of permissive parenting

A

doesnt learn how to cope with conflict or control emotions. grows up to act inconsiderate

156
Q

what is authoritative parents (different than authoritatian)

A

they have rules but listen to their child

157
Q

what is the result of authoritative parenting

A

learns that things are hard but they are supported, can better endure hardships and communicate

158
Q

what are neglectful parents

A

parents who are not present in life

159
Q

what is the result of neglectful parents

A

feeling alone, lack of trust in oneself. feeling like nothing matters because no one cares anyways, unable to form healthy relationships, tries not to feel anything as a result

160
Q

what are over-involved parents

A

helicopter parents. micromanage every aspect

161
Q

what is the result of over-involved parents

A

never learning how to overcome things, avoid challneges, procrastinate

162
Q

what is alzheimers disease characterised by

A
  • loss of both grey and white matter- large buildup of the protein beta-amyloid (which kills nerve cells)- tau proteins (maintain the structure of nerve cells) are defective resulting in neurofibrillary tangles
163
Q

what does beta-amyloid do

A

kills nerve cells

164
Q

what do tau proteins do

A

maintain nerve cell structure

165
Q

what is the mozart effect

A

the belief that mozart music makes you smarter because absorbing its beauty and complexity improved brain power

166
Q

although the mozart effect is not real, there are temporary effects that music has. what causes them?

A

cognitive arousal

167
Q

A year of piano lessons and consistent practice can improve IQ by:

A

up to 3 times

168
Q

what makes up the full IQ score on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

A

general ability index, and cognitive proficiency index

169
Q

what is included in the general ability index

A

the verbal comprehension index and the perceptual reasoning index

170
Q

what is included in the cognitive proficiency index

A

the working memory index and the processing speed index

171
Q

how can you test the processing speed index

A

symbol search and coding

172
Q

arithmetic and digit span can help you test which index

A

working memory index

173
Q

which index can you test with matrix reasoning (hidden meaning)

A

pereceptual reasoning index

174
Q

what are the three ways to test the verbal comprehension index

A

vocabulary, similarities, and information

175
Q

what is entity theory

A

the belief that intelligence is a fixed trait, a personal quality that cannot be changed

176
Q

what is incremental theory

A

the belief that intelligence is a malleable quality that can increase through efforts

177
Q

why was the ravens progressive matrice invented

A

to account for language barrier

178
Q

what are thurstones seven primary mental abilites?

A
  • word fluency- verbal comprehension- numeric abilities- spatial visualistion- memory- perceptual speed- reasoning
179
Q

_____ intelligence is dynamic and changing

A

fluid

180
Q

____ intellignece is stuff like facts and other things you know

A

crystalised

181
Q

___ factor ____ intelligence is a blend of several different cognitive abilities

A

g, fluid

182
Q

video games help ______ intelligence

A

visuospatial intelligence

183
Q

what is the heritability of intelligence estimated to be

A

between 40-80%

184
Q

what are the challenges to heritbilty estimates (3)

A
  • genes dont operate in isolation, environmental factors determine how genes express themselves and influence the persion- genes that influence intelligence could do so indirectly- there is no one gene, rather a collection of genes
185
Q

identical twins have a correlation of _____when raised together, and ____ when raised apart

A

0.85, 0.80

186
Q

true or false: genes and environment influence puberty onset

A

true

187
Q

what is the age of peak physical develooment

A

20s

188
Q

when does fertility decline in AFAB people

A

30s-40s

189
Q

mental representation is a major milestone in what stage of development

A

sensimotor

190
Q

which stage of development Can perform mental operations, but only for actualphysical event

A

concrete operational

191
Q

Frontal lobes don’t fully mature until ____

A

late adolescence or early adult hood

192
Q

“alleged period of depression in mothers following thedeparture of their grown children from the home” this is called

A

the empty nest myth

Psychology-1000 (7 decks)

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