vik version Flashcards
woof
1
Q
Galton theorised that intelligence is a by-product of ___
A
sensory capacity
2
Q
Who designed the first intelligence test in 1905?
A
Simone and Binet
3
Q
what was the focus of simone and binets intelligence test?
A
mental processes such as reasoning, understanding and judgement
4
Q
what is fluid intelligence
A
the ability to learn new ways to solve problems
5
Q
what is crystalised intelligence
A
the knowledge you gain over time
6
Q
true or false: aging declines both fluid and crytsalised intelligence
A
false, fluid declines and crystalised remains stable
7
Q
what are Gardners multiple intelligences
A
- linguistic- logico-mathematical- spatial- musical- bodily-kinesthetic- interpersonal- intrapersonal- natrualistic
8
Q
what are the three types of intelligence according to Sternberg
A
analytical, creative, and practical
9
Q
why are IQ tests less effective for adults than children
A
intelligence peaks early, but age keeps increasing
10
Q
intelligence is related to understanding theoretical concepts which is also called:
A
abstract thinking
11
Q
what is heritability estimates based on?
A
the sample size and their age
12
Q
true or false: heretibility estimates are not concrete
A
true. not a fixed number for everyone
13
Q
true or false: heretibility estimates increase between childhood and adulthood
A
true
14
Q
What kind of head injury is obtained in the NHL
A
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
15
Q
What is Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
A
a degenerative brain condition associated with memory loss, dementia, mood disorders, suicidality
16
Q
True or false: there are differences between male and female on general intelligence
A
false
17
Q
true or false: male intelligence is more varied
A
true
18
Q
what are the female unique cognitive abilities
A
verbal, memory, and emotions
19
Q
what is the male unique cognotive ability
A
visuospatial
20
Q
what is a stereotype threat
A
a negative stereotype about a group that can undermine accurate testing
21
Q
36% of variation in _____ score is due to the size of the cortex
A
verbal intelligence
22
Q
what are behavioural genomics?
A
a technique that examines how specific genes interact with the environment to influence behaviours, including those related to intelligence
23
Q
____ focuses on identifying genes that are related to increases or decreases in certain types of learning and problem solving
A
behavioural genomics
24
Q
what are gene knockout (KO) studies?
A
removing a specific gene and comparingthe characteristics of animals with and without that gene
25
why would scientists would take the skulls of the deceased, fill them with fine metal pellets, and then measure the volume?
they believed brain size caused intellignece
26
true or false, more convolutions lead to a higher intelligence score
true. they are associated
27
Differences in gyri have also been found in humans, with the degree of convolutionsaccounting for roughly ____% of the variability in W A I S scores.
25%
28
what is the third variable problem?
other factors that impact scores, such as training
29
what conditions are brain size and IQ used to understand? (2)
alcoholism and anorexia
30
what are the 6 aspects that may impact intelligence scores?
1. birth order2. socioeconomic status3. nutrition4. stress5. nootropic drugs6. education
31
true or false: birth order impacts intelligence. why or why not
true. related to the resources received growing up
32
what is the flynn effect?
appears as though everyone s getting smarter. steady population levelincreases in intelligence test scores over time
33
what are the charactieristics of linguistic intellignece?
speak and write well
34
"Use logic and mathematical skills to solveproblems, such as scientific questions" describes which intelligence type
logico-mathematical
35
whats the characteristic of spatial intelligence?
Think and reason about objects in three-dimensional space
36
what are the characteristic of musical intelligence
Perform, understand, and enjoy music
37
"Manipulate the body in sports, dance, orother physical endeavours" descrobes what intelligence type
Bodily-kinesthetic
38
whats the difference between interpersonal and intrapersonal?
interpersonal = others, intrapersonal = yourself
39
"Understand and interact effectively withothers" describes which intelligence type
interpersonalw
40
what is the characterctic of intrapersonal intellignce
Understand and possess insight into self
41
what is naturalitic intelligence
Recognize, identify, and understand animals,plants, and other living things
42
true or false: gardner proved that multiple intellignecces are independant
false. there is no good evidenece about thiss
43
true of false: practical intelligence is not independent of g factor
true
44
true or false: brain volume correlates with measured intelligence
true. between 0.3 and 0.4
45
higher intelligence is associated with lower _____ on some tasks and lower ____
1. brain activity2. reaction time
46
what are g loaded tasks
tasks where performance is correlatedwith g score
47
true or false: processing speed does not impact intellignece
false
48
what 5 things was the WAIS generate scores for
-Overall IQ– Verbal comprehension– Perceptual reasoning– Working memory– Processing speed
49
true or false: iq scores better predict job performance than interviews
true
50
what is the Dweck and Growth Mindset theory
Those that think IQ is fixed tend to take less academic risks, challenging themselves less
51
how much has intelligence scores been raising every ten years under the flynn effect
3 points every 10 years
52
what is divergent thinking
Capacity to generate many different solutions to thesame problem
53
what is convergent thinking
Capacity to find the single best answer to a problem
54
what is developmental psych
the study of how behaviour changes over time. Early development influences later behaviours
55
whats a cross sectional study
different groups of people—typically ofdifferent ages—are compared at asingle point in time
56
what is a longitudinal study
the same group of subjects istracked over multiple points in time
57
whats the difference between viewing development as stages or gradual growth
stages are abrupt trasnistions, and gradual growth is more fine-tuning
58
what stage occurs at 0-2 weeks
germinal
59
what are the major events in the germinal stage (2)
- Migration of the blastocyst from the fallopian tubes and its implantation in the uterus. - Cellular divisions take place that eventually lead to multiple organ, nervous system, and skin tissues
60
what weeks are the embryonic stage
2-8 weeks
61
what are major events in the embryonic stage (3)
- basic cell layers become differentiated- Major structures such as the head, heart,limbs, hands, and feet emerge. - The embryo attaches to the placenta
62
what is the placenta
the structure that allows for theexchange of oxygen and nutrients and the removal of wastes
63
when is the fetal stage
8 weeks till birth
64
what are the major events in the fetal stage (3)
-Brain development progresses as distinct regions take form.- The circulatory, respiratory, digestive,and other bodily systems develop.- Sex organs appear at around the third month of gestation.
65
when do sex organs appear
third month
66
The origins of the major regions ofthe brain are already detectable at____ weeks
4
67
what is a teratogen
an agent or factor which causes malformation of an embryo
68
alcohol and cigarettes are called:
teratogen
69
what is the prevalnece of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
1.5 in 1000 worldwide
70
true or false: stress is a teratogen
true, it can be
71
what is the survival rate for infants born preterm at 25 weeks
50% chance
72
what is the survival rate for infants born preterm at 30 weeks
95%
73
what is the sensory experience before birth
story recall
74
what is vision at birth
30 cm or less. becomes 20/20 by 12months
75
what is smell at birth
they cringe at foul odours and can discriminate mothers breastmilk
76
what is the visual cliff used for
testing depth perception development
77
what is the rooting reflex
elicited by stimulation to the corners of the mouth, which causes infants to orientthemselves toward the stimulation and make sucking motions
78
what is the rooting reflex for
helps the infant beginfeeding immediately after birth
79
what is the moro-reflex
also known as the “startle” reflex, occurs when infants lose support of their head.Infants grimace and reach their arms outward and then inward in a hugging motion
80
what is the grasping reflex
elicited by stimulating the infant’s palm. The infant’s grasp is remarkably strongand facilitates safely holding onto their caregive
81
what is the stepping relfex
also known as the walking or dancing reflex, occurs when infants sense the onsetof pressure on the sole of a foot. In fact, if you support the infant upright and gently lower the foot to atabletop or surface, you will see the leg straighten.
82
what are the 6 stages of motor development in the first year
- raising head- rolling over- propping up- sitting up- crawling- walking
83
during the first year, ___ grow in length, ____ increase in number and new connections are formed
1. axons2. dendrites
84
what are the 5 parts of the sensitive period
- langauge fluency- perception- balance- parental recognition- idnityfn with a culture
85
what are piagets 4 stages of development
- sensorimotor- pre-operational- concrete operational- formal operational
86
when is the sensorimotor stage and what is it
0-2 years old; direct sensory experiences and object permanence
87
when is the pre-operational stage and what is it
2-7 years old; thinking beyond immediate appearence. conservation
88
when is the concrete operational stage and what is it
7-11 years old; thinking becomes more logical and organised. able to put self in others shoes
89
when is the formal operational stage and what is it
12 years and byeond; ability for abstract and hypothetical thinking. scientific reasoning possible
90
what does egocentric mean
only from your point of view
91
what is conservation
knowing amount stayes the same
92
compassion and planning abilities develop in what piaget stage
formal operational
93
what is the core knowledge hypothesis
the existence of fundamental cognitive systems/mechanisms upon which we develop and build new cognitive abilities
94
what is the zone of proximal development
developmental ideal when a child attempts skills just beyond what they can do alone. phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction
95
what is scaffolding
the approach to teaching where the teacher matches guidance to learners needsParents structureenvironments for learningand then gradually removethem as children improve
96
what plays a central role in learning according to vgotsky
community and language
97
what are the difference between piaget and vgotskys view of development
piaget seen it as stages, vgotsky as something gradual and independent of stages due to social interactions
98
what are the 4 elementary mental functions
attention, sensation, perception, and memory
99
true or false: learning can precede development
true
100
what is attachment
an enduring, emotional bond
101
what is the strange situation test
mother leaves the room and leaves baby with a stranger
102
what does the strange situation test study
attachment styles
103
what are the three insecure attachment styles
- anxious-disoganised- anxious-ambivalent- anxious-avoidant
104
true or false: stress impacts development
true. toxic stress
105
true or false: people who are securely attached are more e=successful
true
106
true or false: having an insecure attachment style does not impact social skills
false
107
which insecure attachment style is it when a child hides their fellings at all times
anxious-avoidant
108
which attatachment style grows up to be seen as unpredicable and moody with a less positev self image
anxious-ambivalent
109
which attachment style grows up to have problems entering relatoinships
anxious-avoidant
110
what causes anxious-disorganised
the feeling of fear without resolution
111
which attatchment styles grows up to think they are unworthy of love
anxious-disorganised
112
when is your attatchment style formed
the first years of your life
113
what does toxic stress do
impairs brain development and weakens the immune system
114
true or false: toxic stress can alter gene expression
true
115
true or false: you can predict if someone will drop out based on their attachment style
true. at age 3 with 77% accuracy
116
true or false: parental relationships impact health
true. 91% of those who had a broken relationship with their mother had health issues 33 years later, compared to 45% of those with a good relationship
117
does attachment style determine how much someone knows themself?
yes
118
what is the attachment behavioural system
meeting our own needs for security
119
what is the caregiving behavioural system
focused on meeting the needs of others
120
According to Piaget, children are no longerexclusively egocentric if _____
they understand thatthe other person sees the object differently
121
what is theory of mind
recognistion of thoughts, beliefs, and expectations of others
122
how do you test theory of mind?
false belief task
123
true or false: infants do not yet understand fairness
false
124
what did harry harlows monkey experiment test?
the nature of affection
125
what is cognitive reframing
technique that consists of identifying and then changing the way situations, experiences, events, ideas, and/or emotions are viewed
126
is emotional regulation fully developed by adolescence?
no
127
true or false: the limbic system is fully developed in adolescence
true
128
true or false: abstract thinking becomes possible during the concrete operational stage
false. formal operational stage
129
what is the primary factor in adolescent risk taking
other teenagers
130
what are kohlbergs three stages of moral reasoning
preconventional morality, conventional morality, post-conventional morality
131
which stage of moral development is"Characterized by self-interest inseeking reward or avoidingpunishment"
pre-conventional morality
132
which stage of moral development is "very basic and egocentric "
pre-conventional
133
which stage of moral development has parents as a key influence
conventional morality
134
what is conventional morality characterised by
social conventions and rulesas guides for appropriate moralbehaviour
135
which stage of moral development sees rules as something abstract
post-conventional
136
what is the social institutionalist model
a model that emphasises cultural and social influences, as opposed to private reasoning in decision making
137
how many substages are there in kohlbergs moral development theory
6
138
what is substage one of moral development, and which main stage
obedience and punishment; pre-conventional
139
selfinterest is which substage of moral development
stage 2; pre-conventional
140
what is substage 3 of moral development and which main stage is it
interpersonal accord and conformity; conventional"what do others think of me?"
141
what is substage 4 of moral development and which main stage is it
authority and maintaining social order; conventional"how can i maintain law and order?"
142
what substage of moral development is social contract and which main stage is it
stage 5; post-conventional"does a rule truly serve all members of a community?"
143
what is the 6th substage of moral development?
universal and ethical principals
144
true or false: not everybody reaches the 6th substage of moral development
true
145
what drives decisions in the two stages in pre-conventional morality
fear, and self interest
146
what drives decisions in conventional morality
peer pressure and rules
147
which substage of moral development knows that rules can be complicated
social contract
148
which substage of moral development operates disconnencted from society and rules and solves everything with compassion
universal ethical principal
149
what are judgements on moral dilemmas based on
reason and emotional + intuitive reactions
150
what age is emerging adulthood?
18-24
151
what is Socioemotional selectivity theory
younger people have better memory for positive, negative, and neutral images than older people. they remember positive and negative more, whereas older people remember positive ones more
152
what is authoritarian?
strict rules such as no crying
153
what is the result of authoriatarian parenting
emotional suppression and obedience is how to earn love. doesmt know what they want in adulthood and continues satisfying everyone else while being unfulfilled
154
what is permissive parenting
full freedom
155
what is the result of permissive parenting
doesnt learn how to cope with conflict or control emotions. grows up to act inconsiderate
156
what is authoritative parents (different than authoritatian)
they have rules but listen to their child
157
what is the result of authoritative parenting
learns that things are hard but they are supported, can better endure hardships and communicate
158
what are neglectful parents
parents who are not present in life
159
what is the result of neglectful parents
feeling alone, lack of trust in oneself. feeling like nothing matters because no one cares anyways, unable to form healthy relationships, tries not to feel anything as a result
160
what are over-involved parents
helicopter parents. micromanage every aspect
161
what is the result of over-involved parents
never learning how to overcome things, avoid challneges, procrastinate
162
what is alzheimers disease characterised by
- loss of both grey and white matter- large buildup of the protein beta-amyloid (which kills nerve cells)- tau proteins (maintain the structure of nerve cells) are defective resulting in neurofibrillary tangles
163
what does beta-amyloid do
kills nerve cells
164
what do tau proteins do
maintain nerve cell structure
165
what is the mozart effect
the belief that mozart music makes you smarter because absorbing its beauty and complexity improved brain power
166
although the mozart effect is not real, there are temporary effects that music has. what causes them?
cognitive arousal
167
A year of piano lessons and consistent practice can improve IQ by:
up to 3 times
168
what makes up the full IQ score on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
general ability index, and cognitive proficiency index
169
what is included in the general ability index
the verbal comprehension index and the perceptual reasoning index
170
what is included in the cognitive proficiency index
the working memory index and the processing speed index
171
how can you test the processing speed index
symbol search and coding
172
arithmetic and digit span can help you test which index
working memory index
173
which index can you test with matrix reasoning (hidden meaning)
pereceptual reasoning index
174
what are the three ways to test the verbal comprehension index
vocabulary, similarities, and information
175
what is entity theory
the belief that intelligence is a fixed trait, a personal quality that cannot be changed
176
what is incremental theory
the belief that intelligence is a malleable quality that can increase through efforts
177
why was the ravens progressive matrice invented
to account for language barrier
178
what are thurstones seven primary mental abilites?
- word fluency- verbal comprehension- numeric abilities- spatial visualistion- memory- perceptual speed- reasoning
179
_____ intelligence is dynamic and changing
fluid
180
____ intellignece is stuff like facts and other things you know
crystalised
181
___ factor ____ intelligence is a blend of several different cognitive abilities
g, fluid
182
video games help ______ intelligence
visuospatial intelligence
183
what is the heritability of intelligence estimated to be
between 40-80%
184
what are the challenges to heritbilty estimates (3)
- genes dont operate in isolation, environmental factors determine how genes express themselves and influence the persion- genes that influence intelligence could do so indirectly- there is no one gene, rather a collection of genes
185
identical twins have a correlation of _____when raised together, and ____ when raised apart
0.85, 0.80
186
true or false: genes and environment influence puberty onset
true
187
what is the age of peak physical develooment
20s
188
when does fertility decline in AFAB people
30s-40s
189
mental representation is a major milestone in what stage of development
sensimotor
190
which stage of development Can perform mental operations, but only for actualphysical event
concrete operational
191
Frontal lobes don’t fully mature until ____
late adolescence or early adult hood
192
"alleged period of depression in mothers following thedeparture of their grown children from the home" this is called
the empty nest myth
