williams et al 2013 Flashcards
what is CBM?
- cognitive bias modification,
- this is a computerised training procedure were individuals are presented with ambiguous scenarios (i.e. could have multiple meanings/interpretations.) these scenarios are always resolved in a positive manner.
- It is use to train patients to automatically bias their thoughts positively in their day-day lives.
what is ICBT?
internet based cognitive behavioural therapy
what is primary measures?
aspects within the participants that the researchers measured which were critical to assessing the effectiveness of the programs
what is secondary measures?
aspects within the participants that were associated with depression that could be affected by the programs that the researchers wanted to measure.
what was the aim of this study?
- To find out if a combined treatment of a seven-day CBM training programme with internet based CBT directly afterwards for 10-weeks would be effective in reducing symptoms of depression.
- Using self-report data to compare the improvement between the intervention group and a control group who were on a waiting list.
What was the min sample size for each group ?
21 but more were recruited due to expected attrition.
where were participants recruited from?
the clinical research unit for anxiety and depression
what did applicants have to do initially?
complete an online screening questionnaire
what happened if applicants were successful after the online screening questionnaire?
- they received a telephone interview using the mini international neuropsychiatric interview version 5.0.0
how many people completed the electronic consent form?
60 and they were then randomised into either control group or intervention
how many participants were in the control group/ waiting list?
- Control group = 31 (20 actually completed it)
how many participants were in the intervention group?
- 38 ( 22 actually completed it)
what primary measures were used?
- The Beck depression Inventory - edition 2
- he Nine-item depression scale of patient health questionnaire.
- Kessler psychological Distress scale
- Ambiguous scenario’s test
what secondary measures were used?
- World health organisation disability assessment
- State and trait anxiety inventory
- Repetitive thinking questionnaire.
what kind of questions were asked in the questionnaires?
the expectancy and outcome questionnaires:
- “at this point, how logical is the program offered to you seem? (0 = no very, up to 4 = very logical)
- “At this point, how useful do you think the programme offered to you will be in reducing your depression symptoms?” (0- not very useful, up to 4 = very useful.)
How many sessions did the CBM-I component consist of?
Seven sessions (20 mins each) of imagery focused CBM completed daily over the course of a week. `
what did the 10 week ICBT sessions involve?
- Consisted of the sadness program which features 6 cartoon like situations showing a person with depression focussing of specific issues.
- Each situation includes homework and ptps can email if they need support or help.
- The entire assessment was completed online with no face-face contact
did all participants complete the primary and secondary baseline measures?
yes
what followed the primary and secondary baseline measures?
this was followed by either the 7-day CBM or the wait list - primary measures were then asked
what followed after the CBM for 7-days and primary measures being asked again?
- 10-week ICBT or waiting list
- and then all patients completed the baseline questionnaires.
what did the waiting list do after the 7 day CBM and 10 week ICBT ?
they then commenced ICBT course.
what statistical test was used?
- chi squared
- nominal data
What % of significant change was found in the intervention group compared to WLC?
27% intervention
0.07 control
how do we know that there was some affect from the CBM?
- the AST-D mean score for the intervention group increased slightly suggesting an increase in positive interpretation.
( 4.18 before 4.67 after.)
how is this study ethical?
69 participants used all gave electronic informed consent before the study began and were put through a screening process to check their suitability for the treatment.
how were individual differences managed?
they compared control and intervention on age, gender and types of medication they were on to see if there was any differences and there wasn’t which ensures the validity.
does the study have ecological validity?
yes as participants took the study in the comfort of their own homes, and it was their natural environment.
why might the study lack validity in other areas?
- uses self report data which may suffer from bias.
