Will Giles SAQ Flashcards
How many ATP molecules are formed in the Kreb’s cycle?
2
What are the substrates of ketogenesis?
Two molecules of acetyl-CoA
What happens to acetone that is produced in ketogenesis?
It is breathed out (because it is volatile)
Name two types of genetic testing in pregnancy
- Amniocentesis
2. Chorionic Villi Sampling
What are the 6 steps in the chain of infection?
- Causative micro-organism
- Reservoir
- Portal of exit
- Mode of transport
- Portal of entry
- Vulnerable host
Define heritability
The proportion of the aetiology (cause) that can be ascribed to genetic factors as
opposed to the environmental factors
Define haematocrit
A measure of the proportion of the blood that consists of red blood cells
What change does the Fe cation in the centre of the haem group in haemoglobin undergo when it changes from oxyhaemoglobin to deoxyhaemoglobin?
Changes from Fe2+ to Fe3+
What is, normally, the most prevalent leukocyte in the blood?
Neutrophils
Give some examples of tissue-resident macrophages
- Microglia
- Osteoclasts
- Kupffer cells
- Mesangial cells in the glomerulus
- Alveolar macrophages
During pericarditis, referred pain to the shoulder is quite common. Which nerve is responsible for this?
Phrenic nerve
Define compliance
How easily the heart chambers expand when filled with blood
Which protein extends from the Z-line of the sarcomere to the M-line and helps to maintain filament alignment?
Titin
Which paranasal sinus lies inferior to the pituitary gland and sella turcica?
Sphenoid sinus
Where do gastric contractions begin?
In the gastric body
How frequently does the large intestine contract?
Around once every 30 minutes
How long does ingested food stay in the large intestine before it’s excreted?
18-24 hours
Which artery, sympathetic nerve, and parasympathetic nerve supply to midgut?
Artery: Inferior mesenteric
Sympathetic: Lesser splanchnic
Parasympathetic: Vagus
Which enzyme is responsible for converting Haem into biliverdin?
Haemoxygenase
What type of epithelium is found in the gall bladder?
Simple columnar epithelium with microvilli
When bilirubin enters the terminal ileum it is reduced by a bacteria. What is the first main molecule it obtains?
Urobilinogen
State four features of the blood-brain barrier
- Astrocytic end feet
- Pericytes
- Non fenestrated
- Tight junctions
What are oligodendrocytes?
Myelinating cells of the CNS
What are microglia?
Resident macrophages of the CNS
Name 2 structures that form the fibrous (outer) layer of the eye
- Sclera
2. Cornea
Name 4 structures that form the vascular (middle) layer of the eye
- Pupil
- Iris
- Choroid
- Ciliary body
Name 1 structure that forms the neural (inner) layer of the eye
- Retina
What is the name of the part of the thalamus where the optic nerve synapses?
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
The primary visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe. What is the name of the sulcus that it is located near?
The calcarine sulcus
In which part of the brain is the olfactory cortex located?
Uncus
Which foramen separates the middle ear from the scala tympani?
Round window
Which foramen separates the middle ear from the scala vestibuli?
Oval window
Name the 3 arteries that are found in the spermatic cord
- Testicular artery
- Cremasteric artery
- Artery to the Vas Deferens
Name the nerves that are found in the spermatic cord
- Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
- Cremasteric nerve
- Sympathetic nerve fibres
Name the other structures in the spermatic cord
- Vas Deferens
- Pampiniform plexus of veins
- Lymphatic vessels
What does the left gonadal vein drain into?
Left renal vein
What does the right gonadal vein drain into?
The inferior vena cava
Which nerve, providing sense to the inner thigh, runs behind the ovary?
Obturator nerve
What hormone is released by the Graafian follicle?
Oestrogen
What hormones are produced by the corpus luteum?
Progesterone (main one) and oestrogen
What is the name of the male gamete that has undergone meiosis 1 and is about to undergo meiosis 2?
Secondary spermatocyte
What is the epithelium in the proximal part of the urethra?
Psuedostratified columnar epithelium
What is the epithelium in the distal part of the urethra?
Stratified squamous
In which region of the bladder does the start of the urethra lie?
Trigone
What structures do the Wolffian ducts form?
Vas deferens, epididymis, seminal vesicles
Name 2 sesamoid bones
Patella and pisiform bone of wrist
What cells secrete osteoprogesterin?
Osteoblasts
What are the four stages of Glaser & Strauss “Awareness of Dying”?
- Closed awareness
- Suspicion awareness
- Mutual pretence
- Open awareness
