SBA Paper 1 Flashcards
Role of Desmosomes
Attach cells via the intermediate filaments
What is an adherens junction?
Joins an actin bundle in one cell to a similar bundle in its neighbouring cell
What are the role of hemidesmosomes?
Anchor intermediate filaments in cells to the basal lamina
What are the role of tight junctions?
Seal neighbouring cells together to prevent leakage of molecules
What are the role of gap junctions?
Allow the passage of small, water soluble ions and molecules
Haematoxylin and Eosin
Stain nuclei purple and cytoplasm pink
Periodic Acid Schiff
Stains brush borders and hexose sugars dark pink
Van Gieson
Stains collagen pink and muscle yellow
Alcian Blue
Stains mucins blue
Incidence
The number of new cases within a specified time period divided by the population size initially at risk
Neutrophils are elevated in…
bacterial infections
Eosinophils are elevated in…
parasitic infections
Basophils are involved in…
inflammatory reactions
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are elevated in…
acute and chronic infections
Adrenaline acting on α2 receptors causes…
Vasodilation of the peripheral nervous system
Adrenaline acting on β2 receptors causes…
increased contractility and heart rate (increased CO)
The activation of baroreceptors would cause…
Decreased ADH (Less water retained, BP decreases)
Which part of the anatomical dead space has got the largest area?
Trachea
Where can simple columnar epithelium be found?
Lines the GI system
Where can stratified squamous epithelium be found?
Usually located in areas where frictional forces occur
eg. Skin, oesophagus, vagina, vocal cords
Where can simple cuboidal epithelium be found?
Secretory / Excretory surfaces
Where can simple squamous epithelium be found?
PERMEABLE - found where transport of small molecules occurs
eg. lungs, capilleries, alveoli
Where can stratified columnar epithelium be found?
Secretion and protection.
Pharynx, anus, uterus
Airway smooth muscle constriction is stimulated by by acetylcholine acting on…
M3 subtype of muscarinic receptors
Somatostatin is a GI hormone which has inhibitory effect on…
Secretion of every hormone
CCK is the major inhibitor of…
gastric emptying
What is the function of lipoprotein lipase
Hydrolyses triglycerides to produce fatty acids and glycerol
Where is the main site of exocrine secretion in the pancreas?
Pancreatic acini
Where is the main site of endocrine secretion in the pancreas?
Islets of Langerhans
Which areas of the pancreas does the ventral bud form?
Uncinate process and head. Main pancreatic duct
In a distribution of data, if the median is greater than the mean, what is it described as?
Negative skew
What is the equation for odds?
Odds = number of events / number of non-events
What are Renshaw Cells
Inhibitory interneurons located in the ventral cord
What does the urogenital sinus develop into?
External genitalia
Lower 1/3 vagina, labia minora and majora, clitoris
What do the Mullerian ducts develop into?
Uterine tubes, uterus, cervix, upper 2/3 of vagina
The urogenital organs are developed from which layer of germ cells?
Intermediate mesoderm
T8 is where…
the IVC passes through the diaphragm
T10 is where…
the oseophagus passes through the diaphragm
T12 is where…
the aorta passes through the diaphragm
L1 is the level at which what artery branches off the aorta?
The superior mesenteric artery
L2 is the level at which what artery branches off the aorta?
The renal arteries
L3 is the level at which what artery branches off the aorta?
The inferior mesenteric artery
The urethral folds develop into the…
labia minora and corpus spongiosum
The tubercle develops into the…
clitoris and glans penis
The labioscrotal folds develop into the…
labia majora and scrotum and ventral penis
What is the order of the histological layers of the epidermis from exterior to interior
Corneum, Lucidum , Granulosum, Spinosum, Basale
Come Let’s Get Some Beers
In a healthy person, the oncotic pressure in Bowman’s space should be…
low or 0. The kidney does not filter proteins, therefore they should not be found in the Bowman’s space.
In embryology, the kidneys develop…
low in the pelvis and ascend
What does the bladder develop from?
The urogenital sinus
In what week of development does the kidney become functional?
Week 12
Which nerve is commonly damaged by anterior shoulder dislocation or fracture of the humerus?
Axillary
What is Trendelenburg’s sign
Pelvis drop on the opposite side to weakness of gluteus minimus and medius
Left side gluteus medius and minimus weakness causes right side pelvic drop
What are the big 5 CAM in the NHS?
Acupuncture, Chiropractics, Herbal Medicine, Homeopathy, Osteopathy
ACHHO
