Multiple Choice Questions Flashcards
What is paracrine communication?
Chemical messengers between cells, being released into the ECF and travelling short distances (such as neuromuscular junctions)
What is autocrine communication?
Chemical communication that acts upon the same ell
What is exocrine communication?
The secretion of chemical communicators into ducts and organs
What is endocrine communication?
Chemical communication between a cell and other cells at a distant location in the body through the bloodstream
Which step of the Kreb’s cycle directly produces ATP?
Succinyl-CoA to succinate
What is the total number of ATP that can be produced by glycolysis, Kreb’s and oxidative phosphorylation of a single glucose molecule?
38
2 each from glycolysis and Kreb’s
34 from oxidative phosphorylation
How much ATP does full metabolism of one fatty acid produce?
Significantly more than glucose metabolism, eg. oleic acid is 146 ATP
In which part of the liver cells does ketogenesis occur?
The mitochondrial matrix
In which part of the gastrointestinal tract is the bulk of protein absorbed?
Duodenum
List 4 functions of saliva
- Maintains oral pH
- Has alpha amylase for starch digestion
- Antibacterial properties
- Lubricates mastication
What is the first branch of a normal aorta?
The coronary arteries
Then the arch
During phase 3 of ventricular cardiomyocyte action potential, the cells repolarise. How?
Efflux of K+ ions
Which ion is responsible for the upstroke of the SA node action potential?
Ca2+ (not Na+ as in other cells)
During which phase of the cardiac cycle does most ventricular filling occur?
Diastole
What is the tunica intima?
Endothelial cells separated by gap junctions
What is the tunica media?
Smooth muscle cells
What is the adventitia?
Vasa vasorum, fibroblasts and collagen
What are the largest and most numerous glial cells in the CNS?
Astrocytes
By which week of embryonic development can the three primary vesicles in the brain be identified?
Week 5
By which week of embryonic development can the secondary vesicles in the brain be identified?
Week 7
What is the innermost layer of tear film?
Lipid layer, secreted by meibomian glands
What is the middle layer of tear film?
Aqueous layer, secreted by lacrimal glands
What is the outermost layer of tear film?
Mucus layer, secreted by goblet cells
What neurotransmitters primarily act on nicotinic receptors?
Acetylcholine and nicotine
Which cells contain natural moisturising factor?
Corneocytes
By what method does the majority of sodium cross the epithelium in the PCT?
Na+/K+ ATPase pump
What is the social model of health?
Focuses on the prevention of disease
What was the main finding of the Acheson report (1998)
Higher priority must be given to the health of families with children
